完全性胸腹腔内脏反位合并十二指肠壶腹周围癌一例报告与文献复习

目的总结完全性胸腹腔内脏反位合并十二指肠壶腹周围癌的临床诊治方法。方法报道2006年3月收治的1例极为罕见的完全性胸腹腔内脏反位合并十二指肠壶腹周围癌行胰十二指肠切除术的病例,并复习国内外相关文献。结果本例患者病理诊断为十二指肠乳头及壶腹部腺癌Ⅰ-Ⅱ级。术后1周胆红素降至正常;但2周后出现胃-空肠吻合输出袢粘连性不完全性梗阻,经内镜下置管、鼻饲、营养支持、针灸等处理,40d后痊愈出院。经检索,全球自1936-2006年间报道的全胸腹腔内脏反位合并恶性肿瘤的患者仅15例;其中只有5例全胸腹腔内脏反位合并胰头与壶腹周围癌的报道。结论完全性胸腹腔内脏反位合并肿瘤时,若无明显禁忌证,应同样予以积极的外科治疗,术中操作应注意完全相反的解剖学结构。     

联合门静脉和/或肠系膜上静脉切除的扩大胰十二指肠切除术

目的探讨胰头癌侵犯门静脉和／或肠系膜上静脉（PV／SMV）时的根治切除的可行性。方法回顾分析包括受侵PV／SMV在内的扩大胰头十二指肠切除术16例的临床资料。16例均行胰头十二指肠切除术，其中9例行血管壁部分切除，5例行血管节段性切除及对端吻合，2例行受侵血管切除＋自体静脉移植。结果全组患者术后均未发生血管栓塞、肠坏死、肝衰竭等并发症。除1例并发多器官衰竭于术后2d死亡外，均康复出院。15例均随访。存活超过3年者3例，超过5年者1例，存活3～26个月4例。结论对单纯侵犯PV／SMV的胰头癌施行联合PV／SMV住内的胰头癌扩大根治术是可行的。     

针刺导管空肠造口术肠内营养在胰十二指肠切除术病人中的应用

目的探讨针刺导管空肠造口术(NCJ)肠内营养(EN)在胰十二指肠切除术病人中的应用效果。方法32例病人,16例术后肠外营养(PN)(对照组),16例术后行导管空肠造口术(NCJ)肠内营养(EN)治疗(实验组)。结果术后实验组的胃肠动力比对照组的恢复早(P<0.05)。治疗前两组病人血蛋白指标(白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白)无明显差异。治疗后两组均升高,而实验组血蛋白指标的水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),二者差异显著。结论导管空肠造口术(NCJ)肠内营养(EN)应用于胰十二指肠切除术病人中比肠外营养(PN)具有更多的优点。     

慢性胰腺炎手术疗效的临床观察

目的总结慢性胰腺炎的外科治疗经验,提高手术疗效。方法回顾性分析1992年3月～2002年5月手术治疗的138例慢性胰腺炎患者的临床资料。结果反复上腹痛是慢性胰腺炎的主要症状。所有患者均接受了手术治疗,无手术死亡。术后发生胰瘘3例,吻合口出血2例,并发症发生率为36%。术后978%的患者腹痛明显减轻。124例(899%)获1～9年随访,平均随访时间49年,13例症状复发,复发率为94%。新发糖尿病7例,脂肪泻5例,死亡5例,其中死于慢性胰腺炎并发症2例。结论慢性胰腺炎手术时机的掌握和手术方法的选择对患者生活质量和疾病进程的控制至关重要。     

The Role of Extended Lymphadenectomy for Adenocarcinoma of the Head of the Pancreas: Strength of the Evidence

With improvements in the safety of Whipple resection in recent decades, surgeons have continued to explore the role of more extensive lymphadenectomy in hope of improving long-term survival. A systematic literature search of level I evidence addressing the role of the extent of lymphadenectomy was undertaken. Only reports of prospective, randomized controlled trials comparing pancreaticoduodenectomy with standard lymphadenectomy to pancreaticoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy where information regarding survival, morbidity, mortality, the number of resected lymph nodes in each group and detailed operative technique were included. Four prospective, randomized trials comprising some 424 patients and one meta-analysis were identified. In aggregate, these studies confirmed that the number of resected lymph nodes was significantly higher in the pancreaticoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy group. Morbidity and mortality rates were comparable. Postoperative diarrhea in the early months after operation was problematic in patients undergoing extended lymphadenectomy. In none of the studies was a benefit in long-term survival demonstrated. Standard pancreaticoduodenectomy continues to be the operation of choice for adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Presented at The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract Postgraduate Course “Systematic Reviews of Pancreaticobiliary Disease Customized for the Gastroenterologist and Gastrointestinal Surgeon” on May 20, 2007, Washington, D.C.     

Duodenopancreatectomía cefálica y tutorización externa del conducto de Wirsung. Resultados de una serie de 80 casos consecutivos

IntroductionThere is controversy regarding the ideal pancreaticojejunostomy technique after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Many authors consider the external Wirsung stenting technique to be associated with a low incidence of fistula, morbidity and mortality. We analyse our experience with this technique.Patients and methodsA retrospective analysis of the morbidity and mortality of a series of 80 consecutive patients who had been treated surgically over a 6.5-year period for pancreatic head or periampullary tumors, performing pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreaticojejunostomy with external Wirsung duct stenting.ResultsMean patient age was 68.3 ± 9 years, and the resectability rate was 78%. The texture of the pancreas was soft in 51.2% of patients and hard in 48.8%. Pylorus-preserving resection was performed in 43.8%. Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent tumor (68.8%), and R0 was confirmed in 70% of patients. Biochemical fistula was observed in 11.2%, pancreatic fistula grade B in 12.5% and C in 2.5%, whereas the abdominal reoperation rate was 10%. Median postoperative hospital stay was 16 days, and postoperative and 90-day mortality was 2.5%. Delayed gastric emptying was observed in 36.3% of patients, de novo diabetes in 12.5%, and exocrine insufficiency in 3. Patient survival rates after 1, 3 and 5 years were 80.2, 53.6 and 19.2%, respectively.ConclusionsAlthough our low rates of postoperative complications and mortality using external Wirsung duct stenting coincides with other more numerous recent series, it is necessary to perform a comparative analysis with other techniques, including more cases, to choose the best reconstruction technique after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy combined with splenectomy for a patient with pancreatic cancer and pancytopenia due to liver cirrhosis: Case report

Introduction and importanceThe incidence of patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) is increasing. Patients with LC are known to have a greater risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality than patients without LC. A treatment option such as pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has not been validated to be safe for these patients, especially those with pancytopenia due to portal hypertension (PH). Providing an effective treatment option for these patients is essential.Case presentationHerein, we describe a patient with pancreatic cancer with pancytopenia due to LC that was successfully treated with PD combined with splenectomy. The patient was a 70-year-old woman who was referred to our hospital for evaluation of a mass in the pancreatic head after she developed obstructive jaundice. She was diagnosed with T2N0M0, Stage IB pancreatic cancer and pancytopenia due to PH associated with LC. She received 2 cycles of adjuvant gemcitabine/S-1 chemotherapy and underwent radical subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy with splenectomy to improve her pancytopenia. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed an R0 resection showing an Evans grade IIa histological response. Her pancytopenia improved rapidly after surgery.Clinical discussionStrict indications for PD, haemostatic control of intraoperative bleeding, and optimal perioperative management were important for preventing hepatic decompensation in this patient. Splenectomy is effective for thrombocytopenia due to LC; however, attention to postoperative complications such as overwhelming post-splenectomy infection and portal vein thrombosis is required.ConclusionFor patients with pancreatic cancer with pancytopenia due to LC, PD combined with splenectomy plus optimal perioperative management is effective.     

胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的防治（附22例分析）

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的防治措施。方法 对行胰十二指肠切除术(PD)69例进行回顾性分析。结果 69例PD术后有并发症22例(28例次)，占31．9％。4例患者发生两种或以上的并发症。主要包括胰瘘5例次，胆瘘3例次，出血3例次，切口感染6例次，腹腔感染4例次，肺部感染2例次，皮下血肿1例次，肝衰、肾衰、心衰、乳糜腹各1例次。死亡9例，病死率13％。结论 预防是关键，术前、术中和术后的处理均要周到，术前尽早应用营养支持，纠正贫血，防止水电解质紊乱，改善重要器官功能和凝血功能，术中仔细解剖和精细操作，防治低血压，术后妥善处理才能降低并发症和手术死亡率。     

老年人壶腹周围癌胰十二指肠切除27例疗效分析

目的 探讨70岁以上壶腹周围癌患者行胰十二指肠切除的指征和疗效。方法 对27例年龄超过70岁的壶腹周围癌患者，行胰十二指肠切除治疗后的临床病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果 术后外科并发症12例(44．4％)，包括腹腔内出血3例，消化道出血2例，胰瘘3例，胃潴留4例，切口裂开及感染3例，其中3例(11．1％)在术后30天内死亡。平均生存15．3个月(除外8例术后18个月仍健在者)。有4例生存超过3年，3年生存率21．0％(4／19)。结论 患者年龄因素不是胰十二指肠切除的禁忌证，胰十二指肠切除是治疗70岁以上患者壶腹周围癌的有效手段。     

胰腺-空肠端端套入式间断U型缝合法吻合在胰腺外科中的应用

目的:探讨胰腺-空肠端端套入式间断U型缝合法吻合在胰腺外科应用的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析我院自2001年1月到2006年4月间施行的胰头十二指肠切除术83例。比较不同胰肠吻合方法对胰瘘发生的影响。结果:胰瘘总发生率为27%(22/83)。胰肠端端套入式间断U型缝合法吻合术后恢复良好,无胰瘘发生。端端吻合的胰瘘发生率为40%(10/25);端侧吻合的胰瘘发生率为27%(12/44)。比较各种吻合方式,端端套入式间断U型缝合法吻合的胰瘘发生率显著低于端端吻合(P<0.01)和端侧吻合(P<0.05),而端端吻合和端侧吻合之间胰瘘发生率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:胰腺-空肠端端套入式间断U型缝合法吻合降低手术所致胰肠吻合口瘘的发生率,效果满意。但因临床例数较少,其安全可靠性、实用合理性还有待进一步观察、证实。