The role of National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAG) in strengthening health system governance: Lessons from three middle-income countries—Argentina,Jordan, and South Africa (2017–2018)

IntroductionToward the Global Vaccine Action Plan 2020 goal, almost 90% of countries have established a National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG). However, little is known about NITAG's contributions to governance.MethodsIn 2017–2018, a two-step, qualitative retrospective study was conducted. Jordan (JO), Argentina (AR), and South Africa (SA) were selected owing to government-financed NITAGs from middle-income countries (MICs), geographic diversity, and a vaccine introduction with NITAG support. Country case studies were developed, collecting data through desk review and face-to-face key informant interviews (KIIs) from Ministry of Health (MoH) and NITAG. Case studies were analyzed together, to assess governance applying the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies framework focusing on transparency, accountability, participation, integrity, and policy capacity (TAPIC).ResultsDocument review and 53 KII (22 AR, 20 SA, 11 JO) showed NITAGs played a pivotal role as advisors promoting a culture of evidence-informed policies. NITAGs strengthened governance, although practices varied among countries. Meetings were conducted behind-closed-doors, participation restricted to members, only in one country agendas, and recommendations were public (AR). To increase participation, policy capacity, and transparency, countries considered adding experts in communications, advocacy, and economics. AR and SA contemplated including community members. NITAGs functioned autonomously from the government, with no established internal or external monitoring or supervision. NITAG meeting minutes allowed the review of integrity, adherence to terms of reference, standard operating procedures, and conflict of interest (CoI). For the most part, NITAGs abided by their mandates. Significant issues were related to the level of MoH support and oversight of CoI declaration and documentation.ConclusionsSystematically implementing governance approaches could improve processes, better tailor policies, and implementation. The long-term survival and resilience of NITAGs in these countries showed they play a significant role in strengthening governance. Lessons learned could be useful to those promoting country-driven evidence-informed decision-making.     

充气温控毯用于神经外科手术患者的控温效果

目的评价充气温控毯用于神经外科手术患者的控温效果。方法40例择期行平卧位脑肿瘤切除术患者,年龄16—65岁,体重41-72 kg,ASAⅠ-Ⅲ级,随机分为2组(n=20):A组,术中充气温控毯24℃风档进行降温,肿瘤切除完毕前30 min进行复温;B组,术中充气温控毯维持中心温度正常(35．2—36．60℃)。均采用气管内静吸复合麻醉,静脉注射异丙酚1．5～2 mg／kg、芬太尼4-6μg／kg、维库溴铵0．1～0．2 mg／kg诱导,吸入0．6％-1．2％异氟醚维持;吸入氧浓度40％;异丙酚1．5～2 mg·kg-1·h-1持续输注;维库溴铵1～2 mg间断静脉注射。每5分钟记录1次中心温度(鼻咽温),观察围术期不良反应及并发症。结果A组2例患者因手术时间超过24 h剔除,共38例进行统计。A组患者降温速率(1．11±0．05)℃／h,复温速率(0．74±0．09)℃／h。A组患者89％(16/18)在硬脑膜打开前达到目标温度34℃,平台期平均中心温度(34．3±0．5)℃,距34℃最大升幅0．52℃,最大降幅为0．23℃。A组患者67％(12／18)手术结束时中心温度恢复正常。返回ICU后A组患者中心温度(返回ICU时实测温度的均值)(35．8±0．6)℃低于B组(36．6±0．4)℃(P<0．05)。A组患者4例术后出现寒颤、3例发热、1例死亡。结论神经外科手术中应用充气温控毯可较理想地降低体温,相对于降温效率其复温效率偏低。     

手术治疗矢状窦旁脑膜瘤40例临床分析

目的探讨常规手术治疗矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的疗效。方法40例矢状窦旁脑膜瘤患者行常规开颅手术治疗，对手术治疗效果进行分析。结果手术治疗后，肿瘤缩小17例，无变化20例．增大3例；常规手术治疗对瘤体小的患者效果更明显。结论采用常规开颅手术治疗矢状窦旁脑膜瘤是一种安全、有效的方法。     

Clinical characteristics of renal transplant recipients that underwent urologic surgery for de novo disease before and after transplantation

The pre-transplantation goal of the urologist is the optimization of urinary tract condition. Therefore, urologic surgery may be needed before or after renal transplantation. We analyzed the results of urologic surgery performed because of de novo urologic diseases. Between January 1986 and January 2001, 281 patients underwent renal transplantation, and 23 urologic surgical procedures were performed on 21 transplant recipients before or after renal transplantation because of de novo urologic diseases. By review the major reasons for urologic surgery in recipients were polycystic kidney diseases, vesicoureteral reflux, and dysfunctional voiding disorders. Nineteen surgical corrective procedures were done average 2.9 months before transplantation. The mortality rate was 10.5%. Four patients underwent urologic surgery at an average 57.5 months after transplantation. We highlight the fact that patients with uremia are vulnerable to surgical complications, and conclude that more intensive longterm urologic follow-ups should be conducted on recipients.     

模拟器训练在实施股动脉穿刺点ExoSealTM封堵止血系统操作的多中心对照研究

背景与目的：介入手术已成为血管外科的主要治疗手段,对于手术直接相关的股动脉穿刺点封堵处理是手术操作收尾的一个重要环节。鉴于国内外目前尚缺乏关于封堵止血系统模拟器训练应用效果的高级别证据,本研究旨在评估模拟器训练在实施股动脉穿刺点ExoSealTM封堵止血系统操作的临床应用效果以及在血管介入操作基础教学培训中的应用价值。 方法：采用前瞻性对照设计,选择2020年5月—2020年10月7个中心的8名血管介入医师分别用两种不同方式进行封堵操作培训。4名血管介入医师通过阅读ExoSealTM说明书和观看视频进行培训（对照组）,另4名血管介入医师的培训方式为在前者基础上增加专业人员指导下的模拟器使用（研究组）。培训结束后,在主诊医师监管下,每名医师对接受血管介入手术,并在股总动脉使用6 F鞘管的患者,采用ExoSealTM封堵止血系统对穿刺点进行封堵。两组医师各操作50例患者,比较两组的操作时间、出血量、器械成功率、股动脉栓塞发生率、二次干预率、24 h内发生血肿率。 结果：研究组在ExoSealTM封堵止血系统操作中,所需的操作时间和出血量均少于对照组（24.50 s vs. 30.00 s,P=0.003;8.60 mL vs. 11.22 mL,P=0.019）。研究组的器械成功率（98.0%）高于对照组（96.0%）,但差异无统计学意义（P=0.558）。两组均无动脉栓塞、二次干预和24 h内发生血肿情况。 结论：ExoSealTM封堵止血系统模拟器的训练能够提高股动脉封堵的安全性和有效性。该模拟器的训练应常规用于血管介入操作的基础教学培训中。     

无框架脑立体定向手术在微创神经外科中的应用

目的 探讨无框架脑立体定向手术在微创神经外科的应用价值。方法 术前行MRI或CT检查,将数据输入导航系统,进行头颅或脊髓三维模型重建,设计手术切口和入路,术中实时定位。1999年11月－2001年6月进行无框架脑立体定向手术200例,其中颅内动静脉畸形43例,动脉瘤39例,脑膜瘤30例,海绵状血管瘤27例,胶质瘤19例,神经鞘瘤8例,垂体腺瘤5例,血管网织细胞瘤4例,转移癌3例,其他14例;脊髓肿瘤8例。结果 病灶和重要解剖结构定位准确,病灶定位误差均在2mm以内,术后神经功能损害10例,占5．0％,无手术死亡。结论 无框架脑立体定位手术对脑和脊髓手术,尤其是切除脑深部病灶很有帮助,可以准确发现病灶,保护正常神经组织,改变了传统神经外科手术模式,是微创神经外科的保障。     

枕下-颞下联合入路颞骨良性肿瘤切除术-附3例报告

目的:介绍枕下-颞下联合入路切除颞骨良性肿瘤的方法及体会。方法:对3例颞枕骨化纤维瘤、颞骨纤维异常增殖症、颞骨血管瘤的巨大颞骨良性肿瘤,均采用枕下-颞下联合入路(倒钩形切口)。辅以显微外科技术进行手术摘除肿瘤。结果:3例均基本完整切除肿瘤,无颅内外感染、脑脊液漏、迷路及颅神经损伤等并发症,经术后随访1.5年～2年未发现肿瘤复发。结论:采用枕下-颞下联合入路切除颞枕骨良性肿瘤可获理想的暴露,最大范围切除肿瘤,可避免损伤毗邻的颅神经、血管以及内耳结构,值得推广。     

经胸联合后正中径路切除后纵隔哑铃状神经源性肿瘤

目的探讨后纵隔哑铃状神经源性肿瘤的切除方法.方法1994年6月～2003年5月经胸联合后正中径路切除后纵隔哑铃状神经源性肿瘤4例,其中神经纤维瘤3例,神经鞘瘤1例.全部病人均选择经胸联合后正中径路切除肿瘤.结果4例肿瘤均全部切除,症状均有不同程度改善,术后病人均能正常生活,未见肿瘤复发.结论经胸联合后正中径路一期切除后纵隔哑铃状神经源性肿瘤是安全可靠的手术方式.     

Towards a pain-free venepuncture

A randomised, prospective trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of various means of alleviating the pain of subcutaneous lidocaine infiltration. One hundred and twenty-two patients were randomly allocated to different groups to receive buffered lidocaine 1%, warmed lidocaine 1% or infiltration by the counter-irritation technique. A visual analogue pain score was recorded at different stages of cannulation and results showed that pain scores were significantly lower in the group receiving buffered lidocaine 1% (p < 0.02) and in the counter-irritation group (p < 0.05). Thus buffering lidocaine 1% and administration of lidocaine 1% by the counter-irritation technique is effective in relieving the pain of lidocaine infiltration.     

手术治疗老年残胃癌临床分析

目的 分析和总结老年残胃癌的外科治疗方式及预后。方法 回顾性分析本院1993-01～2003-06普外科收治的25例老年残胃癌患者的临床资料。结果 本组病例中，Ⅰ期3例，Ⅱ期5例，Ⅲ期8例，Ⅳ期7例；根治性手术12例(48．0％)，姑息性手术9例(36．0％)，剖腹探查术2例，全部手术切除病例均在术中行空肠营养造口，2例因术前发现肿瘤已广泛转移而未作手术。根治性切除后1、3、5年生存率分别为81.2％、41．5％、28．6％。结论 纤维胃镜加胃黏膜活检是确诊老年残胃癌的主要手段，应特别重视老年残胃癌的围手术期处理，根治性切除术是治疗老年残胃癌的合理选择，也是改善预后的重要因素。