Clinical correlates of high signal lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease

Summary The pathophysiology and clinical significance of high signal lesions, visualized on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), remain controversial. Since they are known to correlate with vascular disease and vascular risk factors, we reviewed the clinical correlates of periventricular high signal (PVH) and subcortical white matter lesions (WML) in a sample of 106 patients with probable AD, excluding persons with treated vascular risk factors or symptomatic cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease. Grade 2 PVH were seen in 26 (25%) and scattered WML were identified in 29 (18%). PHV were associated with advancing age and gait disturbance. WML were associated with gait disturbance and incontinence. Neither radiologic finding was related to dementia severity. The findings suggest that these lesions are common in patients with AD even when those with evidence of cerebrovascular disease are excluded; their presence, therefore, should not preclude a diagnosis of AD. Additionally, the data suggest that HSL on MRI may be one of many risk factors associated with functional disability in persons with probable AD.     

伴智能障碍的脑白质疏松症患者相关危险因素分析

目的分析伴智能障碍的脑白质疏松症(LA)患者的相关危险因素。方法 207例LA患者分为伴有智能障碍组和无智能障碍组,对患者的性别、年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病史、冠心病史及既往脑梗死病史等进行相关因素分析和Logistic回归分析。结果两组年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病史、既往脑梗死病史和LA的严重程度均有显著差异。多因素回归分析最终入选模型的变量是年龄、高血压病史、既往脑梗死病史和重度LA。结论高龄、高血压病史、既往脑梗死病史和重度LA,对LA是否伴智能障碍有独立的提示作用。     

Ultrasound Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Stiffness in Patients with Ischemic Leukoaraiosis

The pathophysiology of ischemic leukoaraiosis (ILA) is unknown. It was recently found that ILA patients have increased aortic stiffness. Carotid stiffness is a more specific parameter and could have value as a non-invasive diagnostic value for ILA. Therefore, using color-coded duplex sonography, we compared local carotid stiffness parameters of 59 patients with ILA with those of 45 well-matched controls. The diagnosis of ILA was based on exclusion of other causes of white matter changes seen on magnetic resonance imaging. Pulse wave velocity β (PWVβ, m/s), pressure–strain elasticity modulus (E_p, kPa), β index and augmentation index (A_ix, %) values were higher and arterial compliance (AC, mm²/kPa) values were lower in the ILA group; however, only E_p and PWVβ reached statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05). β, E_p and PWVβ exhibited an increasing trend with higher Fazekas score, though only E_p reached significance (p = 0.05). The main conclusion was that E_p and PWVβ could have a diagnostic role in patients with ILA.     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表与简易精神状态量表在脑白质疏松患者中的应用比较

目的比较蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MOCA）和简易精神状态量表（MMSE）对脑白质疏松（LA）患者认知功能障碍的筛查能力,并了解lA患者认知功能受损的特点。方法应用MoCA量表及MMSE量表对56倒LA患者及50例对照的认知功能进行测评,比较两组的测试结果,并比较两量表对LA组中VCI患者的诊断能力。结果LA组的MoCA总评分（20．34±3．00）分明显低于对照组（22．20±2．26）分,差异有统计学意义（t-4．02,P〈O．01）;其中,LA组的命名、语言、抽象、定向力评分均小于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t分别为3．92,3．43,4．02,5．35;P〈0．01）。LA组的MMSE总评分（27．54±1．36）分低于对照组（28．06±1．92）分,差异有统计学意义（t-2．36,P〈0．05）,其中LA组的定向力及延迟回忆评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（t分别为2．68,2．60;P〈0．05）。在LA组中,MoCA诊断VCI的敏感度为93．9％、特异度63．6％、假阳性率36．4％、假阴性率9．1％、阳性预测值91．3％、阴性预测值70．0％、诊断符合率84．2％、约登指数0．569;MMSE诊断VCI的上述指标分别为26．7％,90．9％,6．7％,73．3％,92．3％,23．3％,43．4％,0．176。结论LA患者的认知功能受损表现在命名、语言、抽象、定向力及延迟回忆等方面。MoCA量表在筛查LA患者认知功能方面比MMSE量表更敏感。     

高血压脑白质疏松患者降压治疗中血压与脑白质疏松的MRI相关性研究

目的 探讨高血压脑白质疏松患者降压治疗过程中,不同血压水平对脑白质疏松的影响.方法 选取2013年7月至2014年3月经临床确诊的高血压患者36例,经MRI确认脑白质疏松病灶,且除外缺血性脑白质病以外的其他脑白质病变,分别于降压治疗后3个月、6个月及1年复查MRI,利用Fazekas量表量化脑白质疏松病灶,研究降压治疗后血压水平与脑白质疏松病灶的对应关系.结果 36例高血压脑白质疏松患者在1年的降压治疗过程中按血压控制水平分为正常组(21例)与非正常组(15例),与治疗前比较,血压正常组患者中20例脑白质疏松病变评分无变化,1例评分增加1分,非正常组所有患者病变评分均无变化,正常组与非正常组Fazekas评分变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 高血压脑白质疏松患者降压治疗后,在一定时期内(1年),不论血压控制与否,脑白质疏松病灶没有明确变化.     

脑小血管病的诊断和治疗

脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD)是指颅内小血管病变所致临床、认知、影像学及病理表现的综合征.由于CSVD发病隐匿、病因不明、临床表现多样、短期预后较好,因此易被忽视,造成误诊、漏诊和不规范的诊疗.文章就CSVD的临床表现、影像学特征、诊断和治疗进展进行了综述.     

脑梗死相关白质疏松患者磁共振波谱与认知功能关系的研究

目的研究脑梗死患者白质疏松的磁共振波谱表现特点,以及白质疏松的磁共振波谱与认知功能的关系,为血管性认知功能障碍的早期识别及防治提供依据。方法选择51例脑梗死伴白质疏松患者及21例非白质疏松者进行简易智能状态测验(MMSE)、画钟试验测试、Fuld物体记忆测验(FOM)、快速词汇测验(RVR)及WAIS数字广度测验;同时行头颅磁共振成像(MRI)及双侧额叶白质的磁共振波谱(MRS)检查,测定N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、肌酸(Cr)及胆碱(Cho)的浓度。分析白质疏松的MRS表现特点及其与认知功能障碍的关系。结果重度脑白质疏松组Cho/Cr值明显高于无、轻及中度疏松组;Cho/Cr值与白质疏松程度呈正相关;左侧额叶白质NAA/Cr值与MMSE评分及画钟试验评分正相关;右侧Cho/Cr值与WAIS数字广度测验评分负相关。结论双侧额叶白质区MRS改变主要为Cho/Cr值升高,并且与白质疏松程度正相关。血管性认知障碍与双额叶白质区神经纤维损害不一定完全一致。     

急性脑梗死患者脑白质疏松与血尿酸水平的关系

目的：探讨急性脑梗死患者脑白质疏松（LA）与血尿酸（UA）的关系。方法选择急性脑梗死患者97例,以头MRI-T2加权像评估是否有白质损害,其中有白质病变（AL）组59例,无白质病变（非LA）组38例。于48 h内进行抽血检验血尿酸水平,并分别以胆碱能通路高信号评分量表（CHIPS评分）及改良Scheltens量表对LA组进行评分。观察2组UA水平差异及UA与LA组脑白质疏松评分的关系。结果 LA组血尿酸含量（356.42±81.18）μmol/L,高于非LA组（292.97±95.98）μmol/L,2组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。血尿酸与CHIPS评分呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与Scheltens评分呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）。结论血尿酸水平与急性脑梗死患者的脑白质疏松有关,血尿酸水平越高,脑白质疏松程度越重。     

高压氧对脑白质疏松大鼠的神经保护作用

目的探讨高压氧对脑白质疏松大鼠的行为学、海马结构及神经元影响。方法采用双侧颈总动脉结扎法制作缺血缺氧脑白质疏松模型,术后2 w脑白质疏松形成。第15天起给予2.0ATA的压力治疗1 h/d,共14 d。定位航行实验、足迹实验观察大鼠行为学变化,HE染色观察大鼠神经元形态学变化,TUNEL法观察凋亡神经元情况。结果与假手术组相比,手术组及高压氧治疗组大鼠认知功能明显减弱,神经元数量减少,排列疏松,胞核固缩,TUNEL阳性细胞增多;与手术组比较,高压氧组认知功能有所改善,神经元数量多且排列整齐。TUNEL法测高压氧组神经元凋亡情况改善。结论高压氧可改善脑白质疏松大鼠海马结构和神经元凋亡情况,且有助于其认知功能的恢复。     

脑白质疏松症患者脑血流动力学研究

目的探讨脑白质疏松症患者脑血流动力学变化。方法采用经颅多普勒超声仪检测207例LA患者(病例组)和200例对照组,记录颅内血管MCA、ACA、PCA、ICA、VA和BA平均血流速度(Vm)。结果病例组颅内各组血管平均血流速度均较对照组减低(P<0.05),病例组轻、中、重度LA患者平均血流速度有逐渐减慢的趋势。结论LA患者脑血流平均速度减慢,随着脑白质疏松程度的加重,脑血流量有逐渐减少的趋势。