沉默circROBO1通过下调KRAS抑制鼻咽癌CNE2细胞侵袭与肺转移

目的探讨沉默环状RNA hsa_circ_0124696(circROBO1)对鼻咽癌CNE2细胞侵袭与肺转移的影响机制。 方法qRT-PCR检测鼻咽癌及癌旁组织中circROBO1表达。采用干扰小RNA(siRNA)沉默鼻咽癌CNE2细胞中circROBO1的表达,Transwell及HE染色检测circROBO1对CNE2细胞迁移能力和体内肺转移的影响。TargetScan在线软件预测circROBO1下游miR-217与下游靶基因KRAS的靶向结合位点,双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证两者之间的靶向调控关系。蛋白免疫印迹检测siRNA沉默CNE2细胞中circROBO1表达对KRAS的影响。 结果鼻咽癌组织中circROBO1表达高于癌旁组织(P＜0.05)。与转染si-circNC的对照组相比,si-circROBO1组鼻咽癌CNE2细胞侵袭与体内肺转移能力均显著降低(P＜0.05)。circROBO1下游miR-217与KRAS之间存在靶向结合位点,并且circROBO1可影响KRAS的蛋白和mRNA表达量。 结论沉默circROBO1通过miR-217下调KRAS抑制鼻咽癌CNE2细胞侵袭与肺转移。     

Phase I Study of JNJ-74699157 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors Harboring the KRAS G12C Mutation

BackgroundPatients with KRAS-mutant cancers have limited treatment options. Here we present a phase I study of JNJ-74699157, an oral, selective, covalent inhibitor of the KRAS G12C isoform, in patients with advanced cancer harboring the KRAS G12C mutation.MethodsEligible patients (aged ≥18 years) who had previously received or were ineligible for standard treatment received JNJ-74699157 once daily on a 21-day cycle. Dose escalation was guided by a modified continual reassessment method.ResultsTen patients (100 mg: 9 and 200 mg: 1) were enrolled. Tumor types included non–small cell lung cancer (n = 5), colorectal cancer (n = 4), and carcinoma of unknown primary site (n = 1). The median age was 65 (range: 36-74) years and median treatment duration was 2.91 (range: 0.5-7.5) months. Dose-limiting toxicities of grades 3–4 increased blood creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) were observed in 100 mg and 200 mg dose levels. The most common adverse event was increased blood CPK (6 patients). No significant clinical benefit was observed; the best response was stable disease in 4 patients (40%).ConclusionBased on dose-limiting skeletal muscle toxicities and the lack of efficacy at the 100 mg dose, further enrollment was stopped. The safety profile of JNJ-74699157 was not considered favorable for further clinical development.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04006301","term_id":"NCT04006301"}}NCT04006301     

蛋白降解靶向嵌合体在非小细胞肺癌治疗中的研究进展

蛋白降解靶向嵌合体（proteolysis targeting chimeria, PROTAC）通过利用泛素蛋白酶体途径实现对靶蛋白降解，颠覆了传统小分子抑制剂的理念。在非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）常见的突变靶点中，PROTAC技术在临床前研究中已经成功实现了鼠类肉瘤病毒癌基因（kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, KRAS）、表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR）和间变性淋巴瘤激酶（anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK）等蛋白的有效降解。PROTAC药物以其事件驱动的独特优势，有望克服小分子抑制剂产生的获得性耐药的问题，并对难成药靶点展现出良好的治疗潜力，有望成为NSCLC治疗的新策略。     

利用多重数字PCR检测KRAS相关突变

 目的 建立多重数字PCR体系检测血浆细胞游离DNA(cell-free DNA, cfDNA)中KRAS第2外显子12、13密码子的7种突变。方法 构建7种KRAS突变型质粒用以建立多重数字PCR检测体系,以灵敏度、特异度和动态范围为主要参数评估体系的性能。利用该体系检测15例手术可切除的胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDAC)患者血浆cfDNA中KRAS第2外显子12、13密码子突变情况,并与ARMs的检测结果进行比对。结果 自建的多重数字PCR在0.01%～10%的动态范围内线性良好。两个检测体系的灵敏度分别可达到0.025%和0.043%。15名PDAC患者组织中KRAS突变的阳性率达到100%。数字PCR检测血浆cfDNA所得的结果与组织结果的匹配率达到40%,ARMs检测组织和血浆cfDNA结果的匹配率为20%。15例样本中使用多重数字PCR检测到血浆cfDNA的最低丰度达到0.09%。结论 多重数字PCR具备高灵敏度和特异性,可用于准确定量外周血cfDNA中KRAS相关突变的水平。     

Significant accumulation of KRAS mutations in bronchiolar metaplasia-associated honeycomb lesions of interstitial pneumonia

Interstitial pneumonia (IP) is a major risk factor for lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). IP-related LADC predominantly develops in the bronchiolar metaplasia lining in honeycomb lesions. Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) is the most common oncogene mutated in IP-related LADC. The present study examined the metaplastic epithelia in honeycomb lesions for KRAS mutations using digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), a sensitive method used to detect infrequent mutations. Significantly higher KRAS mutation variant allele frequencies (VAFs) were detected in the metaplastic lung epithelia from 13 patients with IP compared with those in 46 non-lesioned lung samples from patients without IP (G12V, P=0.0004, G12C, P=0.0181, and G12A, P=0.0234; Mann Whitney U test). Multivariate analyses revealed that higher KRAS G12V (logistic regression model; P=0.0133, odds ratio=7.11) and G12C (P=0.0191, odds ratio=5.81) VAFs in patients with IP were independent of confounding variables, such as smoking and age. In patients with IP, metaplastic epithelia exhibited significantly higher KRAS G12V and G12C VAFs compared with the non-lesioned counterparts (paired t-test; G12V, P=0.0158, G12C, P=0.0465). These results suggested that IP could increase KRAS mutations and supported the hypothesis that bronchiolar metaplasia could be a precursor for IP-related LADC.     

A MEK/PI3K/HDAC inhibitor combination therapy for KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive, metastatic disease with limited treatment options. Factors contributing to the metastatic predisposition and therapy resistance in pancreatic cancer are not well understood. Here, we used a mouse model of KRAS-driven pancreatic carcinogenesis to define distinct subtypes of PDAC metastasis: epithelial, mesenchymal and quasi-mesenchymal. We examined pro-survival signals in these cells and the therapeutic response differences between them. Our data indicate that the initiation and maintenance of the transformed state are separable, and that KRAS dependency is not a fundamental constant of KRAS-initiated tumors. Moreover, some cancer cells can shuttle between the KRAS dependent (drug-sensitive) and independent (drug-tolerant) states and thus escape extinction. We further demonstrate that inhibition of KRAS signaling alone via co-targeting the MAPK and PI3K pathways fails to induce extensive tumor cell death and, therefore, has limited efficacy against PDAC. However, the addition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors greatly improves outcomes, reduces the self-renewal of cancer cells, and blocks cancer metastasis in vivo. Our results suggest that targeting HDACs in combination with KRAS or its effector pathways provides an effective strategy for the treatment of PDAC.     

Impact of 3′UTR variation patterns of the KRAS gene on the aggressiveness of pancreatobiliary tumors with the KRAS G13D mutation in a Turkish population

ObjectiveSeveral studies have demonstrated the importance of mutations in codons 12, 13 and 61 and variations in the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of the KRAS gene, frequently observed genetic events in the progression of pancreatobiliary tumors (PBT). However, limited data exist on the clinical effect of these alterations. The aim of the current study was to clarify the frequency of relevant alterations of the 3′UTR regions of the KRAS gene and the effect of KRAS 3′UTR polymorphisms on the prognosis of patients with codon 12, 13 and 61 mutations in a Turkish population with PBT.MethodsCodons 12, 13, and 61 and 3′UTRs of the KRAS gene were screened by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing in 43 patients and 10 controls. Chi-squared and independent sample T tests were used to evaluate the results of the mutation analysis and clinical features of the patients.ResultsWe defined the c.38G > A (rs112445441, p.G13D) (39.54%) mutation and two 3′UTR variations, c.*4066delA (rs560890523) (23.26%) and c.*4065_*4066delAA (rs57698689) (6.98%), in the KRAS gene of Turkish patients. There was a statistically significant relationship between the c.*4066delA (rs560890523) and c.*4065_*4066delAA (rs57698689) variations and invasion and lymph node metastasis status of the patients (p < 0.001). Compared to patients with c.38G > A (rs112445441, p.G13D), patients with c.*4066delA (rs560890523) and c.38G > A (rs112445441, p.G13D) presented more aggressive tumors with highly invasive features. The present study contributes findings regarding the clinical effects of KRAS alterations in PBT. Based on our study, further investigations are required.     

KRASP1于KRAS基因突变检测中的潜在影响

目的 论证KRAS假基因对KRAS基因突变检测结果存在潜在性影响.方法 检测5个确证结直肠癌的肿瘤组织序列,并以序列比对的方式对KRASP1与KRAS基因进行同源性比较与分析.结果 KRASP1与KRAS存在高度同源性.在KRAS基因突变检测的实验中,KRASP1的存在对扩增类反应产生一定的不良影响,影响程度与检测方法的类型以及实验的设计有关.结论 KRASP1的产生与其原始序列可能是来自于同期的KRAS基因的一个转录本,并随着时间的推移逐渐差异化,但仍保留着大部分的相似性,并有进一步的分析所证实.KRASP1对KRAS基因突变检测结果存在潜在影响,如何避免同源性干扰将取决于分子诊断方法的实验设计.