护理工作中院内感染相关问题与对策

目的 :提出护理工作与院内感染相关问题与对策。方法 :通过监测 ,找出护理工作引起院内感染存在的问题及薄弱环节 ,并制定相应对策。结果 :建立严格的控制感染的管理制度 ,层层落实把关 ,主动和独立地判断出行之有效的预防措施。结论 :在感染管理工作中严格认真执行消毒、灭菌、无菌操作 ,最大限度地避免因护理工作失误而引起的医院内感染     

Incidence of hospital-acquired infections associated with caesarean section

A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine the incidence of post-caesarean infections in a Canadian community teaching hospital using computer algorithms designed for the diagnosis of nosocomial infections. Inferential chart review was done on 1335 women delivered by lower-segment caesarean section (793 primary and 542 secondary) at the Calgary General Hospital between January 1985 and April 1988. The overall infection rates were 42·1 and 46·1% for women delivered by primary and secondary caesarean section, respectively. Incisional surgical wound infection accounted for the largest proportion of post-caesarean infections found. Women delivered by primary caesarean section had significantly higher rates of endometritis, deep surgical wound infection and bacteraemia than those delivered by secondary section. All types of post-caesarean infection, except asymptomatic bacteriuria, caused the duration of the post-partum hospital stay to be significantly increased.     

Measuring hospital-acquired pressure injuries: A surveillance programme for monitoring performance improvement and estimating annual prevalence

AimsTo describe a surveillance approach for monitoring the effect of improvement initiatives on hospital-acquired pressure injuries and findings arising from that surveillance.MethodsRandom sampling of patients on the same day of each successive month from a campus of child and adult hospitals using a standard audit tool to identify presence of hospital-acquired pressure injury. Where multiple pressure injuries were present, the most severe grade injury contributed to prevalence. Statistical process control charts were used to monitor monthly performance and Maximum Likelihood Estimation to determine timing of step change.Results8274 patients were assessed over 3 years from an eligible population of 32,259 hospitalised patients. 517 patients had hospital-acquired pressure injuries giving an overall prevalence of 6.2% (95% CI 5.7–6.8%). Annual prevalence was 8.4% (95% CI 7.4–9.5%) in the first year, falling to 5.6% (95% CI 4.7–6.4%) in the second year and 4.8% (95% CI 4.0–5.6%) in the third year. A step change was signalled with mean prevalence up to July 2013 being 7.9% (95% CI 7.1–8.8%) and mean prevalence thereafter 4.8% (95% CI 4.2–5.4%). Hospital-acquired pressure injuries were found in all age ranges, but were more frequent in children up to 14 years (17.4%) and those aged 75 years or older (38.7%).ConclusionMonthly random sampling of patients within clinical units can be used to monitor performance improvement. This approach represents a rational alternative to cross-sectional prevalence surveys especially if the focus is on performance improvement.     

SHEL事故分析法在ICU获得性压疮预防中的应用研究

目的采用SHEL模式分析ICU医院内获得性压疮发生的原因,以降低其发生率。方法采用SHEL模式分析ICU20例医院内获得性压疮病例并制订对策,比较采取控制措施前、后ICU压疮预防的效果。结果采取控制措施前ICU医院内获得性压疮发生率为6.25%,SHEL模式分析结果为与人员素质和能力有关(S)占30.0%,与硬件有关(H)占20.0%,与临床环境有关(E)占35.0%,与当事人及他人有关(L)占15.0%;采取控制措施后ICU医院内获得性压疮发生率为2.83%,显著低于采取措施前(P<0.05),SHEL模式分析结果为15.4%与S有关、15.4%与H有关、30.8%与E有关、38.4%与L有关。结论应用SHEL模式分析ICU医院内获得性压疮发生的原因,制定有效的措施,对降低ICU医院内获得性压疮的发生率有着积极的意义。