人类白细胞抗原单倍体不合造血干细胞移植后自然杀伤性细胞和T淋巴细胞杀伤抑制性受体表达的研究

目的研究人类白细胞抗原（HLA）单倍体不合的造血干细胞移植后自然杀伤性细胞（NK细胞）和T淋巴细胞杀伤抑制性受体重建的规律。方法2004—04～2004—12对北京大学血液病研究所借助三色和四色荧光标记技术，用流式细胞仪对应用该所GIAC方案（即G：粒细胞集落刺激因子＋I：强免疫抑制＋A：抗胸腺细胞球蛋白＋C：外周血与骨髓联合）进行HLA单倍体不合造血干细胞移植的24例患者（移植前、移植后＋30、＋60、＋90、＋120、＋180d）及其供者外周血NK细胞及T细胞上杀伤免疫球蛋白类受体（KIR），包括CD158a（KIR2DL1）、CD158b（KIR2DL2）、CD158e（K11t3DL1）和Lectin样受体（CD94／NKG2A）的表达进行了测定。结果根据移植后NK细胞上受体重建规律不同可以分为两组：第1组在移植后＋30d，与供者表达水平相比，病人受体表达明显升高（CD94，P=0．013；CD94：NKG2A，P〈0．0001；CD158e，P=0．063），随后逐渐下降，至＋180d时重建为供者水平（CD158e、CD94）或仍明显高于供者水平（CD94：NKG2A、P=0．001）；第2组在移植后＋30d，与供者表达水平相比，病人受体表达明显降低（CD158a，P=0．016；CD158b，P〈0．003），随后逐渐升高，至正常供者水平。移植后患者外周血T淋巴细胞上杀伤抑制性受体的表达规律与NK细胞第1组相近，在＋30和（或）60d时，所有KIR及CD94：NKG2A的表达均明显高于正常供者水平，其后逐渐下降，＋180d时降至正常供者水平（CD158a、CD158a／CD158b及CD158e）或仍明显高于供者水平（CD94／NKG2A，CD158b）。结论移植后NK细胞上KIR受体的低表达及CD94：NKG2A的高表达可能是移植后早期NK细胞杀伤功能低下的主要影响因素；而移植后T细胞上KIR及CD94：NKG2A的高表达可能有利于移植后的移植物抗宿主疾病（GVHD）及移植物抗白血病（GVL）效应分离。     

Single Antigen–Mismatched Unrelated Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Using High-Dose Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide Is a Suitable Alternative for Patients Lacking HLA-Matched Donors

The optimal prophylaxis regimen for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the setting of mismatched unrelated donor (MMUD) allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) is not defined. The use of high-dose post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) in haploidentical transplantation has proven feasible and effective in overcoming the negative impact of HLA disparity on survival. We hypothesized that PTCy could also be effective in the setting of MMUD transplantation. We retrospectively analyzed 86 consecutive adult recipients of alloHSCT in our institution, comparing 2 contemporaneous groups: PTCy MMUD (n?=?26) versus matched unrelated donor (MUD) (n?=?60). Graft source was primarily peripheral blood (92%). All PTCy MMUD were HLA 7/8 (differences in HLA class I loci in 92% of patients) and received PTCy plus tacrolimus ± mofetil mycophenolate as GVHD prophylaxis. No differences were observed between PTCy MMUD and MUD in the 100-day cumulative incidence of acute GVHD grades II to IV (31% versus 22%, respectively; P?=?.59) and III to IV (8% versus 10%, P?=?.67). There was a trend for a lower incidence of moderate to severe chronic GVHD at 1 year after PTCy MMUD in comparison with MUD (22% versus 41%, P?=?.098). No differences between PTCy MMUD and MUD were found regarding nonrelapse mortality (25% versus 18%, P?=?.52) or relapse rate (11% versus 19%, P?=?.18). Progression-free survival and overall survival at 2 years were similar in both cohorts (67% versus 54% [HR, .84; 95% CI, .38 to 1.88; P?=?.68] and 72% versus 57% [HR, .71; 95% CI, .31 to 1.67; P?=?.44], respectively). The 2-year cumulative incidence of survival free of moderate to severe chronic GVHD and relapse tended to be higher in the PTCy MMUD group (47% versus 24%; HR, .60; 95% CI, .31 to 1.14; P?=?.12). We conclude that HLA 7/8 MMUD transplantation using PTCy plus tacrolimus is a suitable alternative for those patients who lack a MUD.     

Modified Donor Lymphocyte Infusion after HLA-Mismatched/Haploidentical T Cell-replete Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Prophylaxis of Relapse of Leukemia in Patients with Advanced Leukemia

We evaluated the safety and efficacy of donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor priming and short-term immunosuppressive agents for prophylaxis of relapse in patients with advanced leukemia after human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched T cell-replete hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Twenty-nine patients received prophylactic DLI at a median 75 (33–120) days after HCT. Acute graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) grades 3–4 occurred in six patients, and all cases were controlled. Eleven patients were alive and relapse-free with a probability of leukemia-free survival (LFS) of 37.3 ± 9.6% at 3 years. Chronic GVHD was associated with a lower relapse rate and higher probability of LFS. Prophylactic-modified DLI is feasible in patients with advanced leukemia to prevent relapse after HLA-mismatched HCT. Xiao-Jun Huang: involved in conception and design, revising the article critically, and final approval of the version to be published; Dai-Hong Liu: performed research, analysis, and interpretation of data and drafting of the article and gave final approval of the version to be published; the other authors: performed research and gave final approval of the version to be published; the authors reported no potential conflicts of interest.     

Prognostic Performance of the Augmented Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-Specific Comorbidity/Age Index in Recipients of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from Alternative Graft Sources

The Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-Specific Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) was developed and validated to weigh the burden of pretransplantation comorbidities and estimate their impact on post-transplantation risks of nonrelapse mortality (NRM). Recently, the HCT-CI was augmented by the addition of both age and the values of 3 markers: ferritin, albumin, and platelet count. So far, research involving The HCT-CI has been limited almost exclusively to recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from HLA-matched grafts. To this end, we sought to investigate the discriminative capacity of an augmented comorbidity/age index among 724 recipients of allogeneic HCT from HLA-mismatched (n = 345), haploidentical (n = 117), and umbilical cord blood (UCB; n = 262) grafts between 2000 and 2013. In the overall cohort, the augmented comorbidity/age index had a higher c-statistic estimate for prediction of NRM compared with the original HCT-CI (.63 versus .59). Findings were similar for recipients of HLA-mismatched (.62 versus .59), haploidentical (.60 versus .54), or UCB grafts (.65 versus .61). Compared with patients with an HCT-CI score ≥4, those with a score <4 had a higher survival rate among recipients of HLA-mismatched (55% versus 39%; P < .0008), HLA-haploidentical (58% versus 38%; P = .01), or UCB (67% versus 48%; P = .004) grafts. Our results demonstrate the utility of the augmented comorbidity/age index as a valid prognostic tool among recipients of allogeneic HCT from alternative graft sources.     

HLA不全相合无血缘关系脐血移植治疗急性白血病

目的 :探讨HLA不全相合无血缘供者脐血移植 (UCBT)治疗血液系统恶性肿瘤造血重建、移植相关并发症的发生和生存情况。方法 :对 1例 15岁女性急性非淋巴细胞白血病 (ANLL)患者进行HLA 1个位点不相合2份UCBT。预处理方案 :采用白消安、环磷酰胺 (BU/CTX)方案 ,同时应用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白 (ATG)和Daclizumab(赛尼哌 ,zenapax)。移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD)的预防采用环孢菌素A(CsA)联合短程甲氨蝶呤 (MTX)和霉酚酸酯(MMF)方案。移植有核细胞数 (NC)为 4 .9× 10 7/kg ,CD34+ 细胞为 5 .36× 10 5/kg。结果 :中性粒细胞绝对计数 >0 .5× 10 9/L的时间为移植后第 15天 ;血小板计数 >5 0× 10 9/L的时间为移植后第 37天 ;全血细胞恢复正常的时间为移植后第 4 2天。移植后第 2 1天DNA指纹图提示供者型。受者已无病生存 2 0 0d。结论 :HLA 1个位点不相合的UCBT是可行的 ,对于体重量大的受者 2份脐血移植 (CBT)是可行的。     

Transplantation of haploidentically mismatched stem cells for the treatment of malignant diseases

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from HLA haploidentical mismatched donors has recently been developed for patients with high-risk acute leukemia who do not have a matched donor. After a high intensity conditioning regimen the HLA barrier is overcome by infusing a graft containing a megadose of T cell-depleted progenitor cells. Nowadays, for graft processing automated peripheral blood CD34⁺ cell immunoselection is time and labor saving and ensures a high CD34⁺ cell recovery rate. Besides providing 4.5 log T cell depletion of the graft, it guarantees a 3.5 log B cell depletion, which helps prevent EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorders. Excellent engraftment rates are associated with a very low incidence of graft-versus-host disease and regimen-related mortality even in patients who are over 40 years old. Overall, event-free survival and transplant-related mortality compare favorably with reports from unrelated matched transplants. Donor natural killer cell alloreactivity also plays a role in improving outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. These results show the haploidentical transplant to be a viable, alternative source of stem cells for adults with acute leukemia at high-risk of relapse who do not have matched donors, and encourage extending it to patients with an indication to transplant.     

HLA不全相合非血缘供者脐血移植治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病

目的探讨HLA不全相合非亲缘供者脐血移植(UCBT)治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病及其移植相关并发症.方法 1例急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿进行HLA1个位点不合非亲缘供者的UCBT.预处理方案:氟达拉滨(Fludarabine)30 mg·kg-1·d-1×5d,环磷酰胺(CTX)60 mg·kg-1·d-1×2d,马利兰4mg·kg-1·d-1, 抗胸腺球蛋白(ATG兔抗)3mg·kg-1·d-1×3d.移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的预防采用环胞菌素(CsA)加用骁悉(MMF)和甲基强的松龙方案.移植有核细胞数5.24×107/kg,CD34 细胞2.93×105/kg,CFU-GM0.93×105/kg.观察监测巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染,更昔洛韦(GCV)与磷甲酸钠联合应用.结果移植后28d造血重建,移植后84d血型转为供者型(B型),染色体检测转为供者46XX,移植后第22d出现Ⅱ度急性GVHD.移植后第22d DNA指纹图提示供者型.结论 UCBT造血重建快而稳定,移植相关并发症较少,急性GVHD严重程度较轻.HLA1个位点不合非亲缘供者的UCBT有效可行.     

Philadelphia Chromosome—Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Rescued with a Second Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation from a Haploidentical Mother after Relapse following Cord Blood Transplantation

A 32-year-old female patient who had Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia underwent cord blood transplantation while in her second remission. However, she had a hematological and central nervous system relapse 3 months later. After reinduction with imatinib mesylate, unmanipulated peripheral blood stem cell transplantation was performed from the patient's haploidentical mother with a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin, tacrolimus, and methylprednisolone were used for prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease. Engraftment of neutrophils was observed on day 12, and complete donor chimerism was obtained by day 24. The posttransplantation course was uneventful. Although the patient had a relapse 10 months later, this case demonstrated that transplantation from a haploidentical donor is clearly a feasible alternative for patients who desperately need rescue transplantation.     

HLA不全相合无关供者或单倍体外周血干细胞移植治疗X连锁无丙种球蛋白血症

异基因造血干细胞移植是目前可治愈X连锁无丙种球蛋白血症（XLA）的唯一方法。该研究病例1为4岁男性患儿,行HLA不全相合无关供者外周血干细胞移植;病例2为儿童期起病的24岁男性患者,合并原发皮肤肢端CD8⁺T细胞淋巴瘤,行单倍体外周血干细胞移植。两者均采用减低毒性的清髓性预处理方案,并用后置环磷酰胺、兔抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白、甲氨蝶呤和环孢素预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）。病例1+11?d（移植后为“+”）中性粒细胞及血小板均植入,+90?d供者嵌合下降,经供者淋巴细胞输注后于+150?d恢复。病例2移植后+20?d中性粒细胞植入,+87?d血小板植入,+30?d为完全供者嵌合。两患者的相关指标（IgG、IgM、IgA和外周血中CD19⁺B细胞比例）分别于移植后2个月内、1年余恢复正常。两患者均未发生急性GVHD,病例1供者淋巴细胞输注后出现局限性慢性皮肤GVHD,经治疗后好转。该研究首次报道采用HLA不全相合无关供者或单倍体外周血干细胞移植联合后置环磷酰胺方案,配合改进的预处理方案成功治疗2例XLA患者,为供者的选择提供了新的途径。     

HLA-Mismatched Donors in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome: An EBMT Registry Analysis

Recently, haploidentical transplantation (haplo) using post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) has been reported to give very encouraging results in patients with hematological malignancies. Patients who have no HLA-matched donor currently have the choice between a mismatched unrelated donor, an unrelated cord blood (CB) donor, and a haploidentical related donor. The aim of our study is to compare the outcome of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) who have been transplanted from a haploidentical donor using PTCy, an HLA-mismatched unrelated donor (marrow or peripheral blood stem cells), or an unrelated mismatched CB donor. A total of 833 MDS patients from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) registry, transplanted between 2011 and 2016, were identified. The potential benefit of haplo was compared with mismatched unrelated and CB donors in an adjusted and weighted model taking into account potential confounders and other prognostic variables. Haplo was at lower risk of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) than mismatched unrelated donor (P = .010) but at similar risk than CB. Progression-free survival was better after haplo (versus mismatched unrelated, P = .056; versus CB, P = .003) and overall survival tended to be superior after haplo (versus mismatched unrelated, P = .082; versus CB, P = .002). Nonrelapse mortality was not significantly different between haplo and mismatched unrelated donors. Relapse risk was not influenced by the type of donor. In conclusion, patients with MDS from the EBMT registry receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a haplo donor have significantly better outcome than those receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a CB donor and at least similar or better outcome than with a mismatched unrelated donor. Prospective studies comparing the type of donors will be needed to confirm this assumption.