图表比较教学法在微生物学教学中的应用

图表比较教学法作为微生物学教学的直观教学手段在本科教学中占有十分重要的地位，是形象思维和抽象思维两种思维方式的协调统一。有利于反映各知识层面的内在联系，可使学生加深对知识的理解，增强分析和综合问题的能力，以利于提高教学质量。     

A comparison of visual acuity measured by ETDRS chart and Standard Logarithmic Visual Acuity chart among outpatients

AIM:To compare the results of visual acuity(VA)measured by Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study(ETDRS)chart,5 m Standard Logarithm Visual Acuity(5 SL)chart,and 2.5 m Standard Logarithm Visual Acuity(2.5 SL)chart in outpatients of age 12-80 y.METHODS:Each patient(totally 2000 outpatients)had both eyes tested with ETDRS chart at 4 m,5 SL chart at 5 m,and 2.5 SL chart at 2.5 m in random order.The VA values of outpatients were categorized by ages.VA values were expressed by log MAR recording method.RESULTS:The mean VA results of ETDRS charts,5 SL,and 2.5 SL chart were 0.52±0.28,0.50±0.30,and 0.46±0.28 log MAR,respectively.There was a statistically significant difference in the three eye charts in the whole group(P<0.001).For all subjects,the correlation of VA tested with three charts was statistically significant(Spearman correlation coefficient=0.944,0.937,0.946,all P<0.001).Bland–Altman analysis shows the 95%limits of agreement between the 5 SL and 2.5 SL chart were-0.182 to 0.210,-0.139 to 0.251,and-0.151 to 0.235 log MAR,respectively.CONCLUSION:The agreement between the three eye charts is not high.The VA measured by 5 SL chart is slightly better than that by ETDRS chart and 5 SL chart would be a suitable alternative when ETDRS chart are not available in the clinical situation.The VA measured by 2.5 SL chart is about 0.5 line better than VA tested with ETDRS chart,which may overestimate VA.     

There is still a care gap in osteoporosis management for patients with rheumatoid arthritis

ObjectivesTo assess compliance rates with the current Canadian osteoporosis guidelines and whether the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool score in patients with rheumatoid arthritis correlated with the likelihood of receiving osteoporosis treatment and having a bone mineral density test.MethodsCharts of serial outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis were reviewed to collect bone mineral density test data and patients’ use of calcium, vitamin D, and osteoporosis treatment. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated to determine if a higher Fracture Risk Assessment Tool score increased the likelihood of osteoporosis treatment or having a bone mineral density test.ResultsUsing the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool, the 10-year risk of major osteoporotic fracture was high in 92 (12.5%), moderate in 216 (29.3%), and low in 429 (58.2%) patients. Compared to those at low risk, patients identified as high risk were more likely to receive osteoporosis treatment (OR 16.31, 95% CI 9.45–28.13, P < 0.001); calcium (OR 3.89, 95% CI 2.43–6.25, P < 0.001); vitamin D (OR 3.46, 95% CI 2.12–5.64, P < 0.001); and to have had a bone mineral density test (OR 10.22, 95% CI 5.50–18.96, P < 0.001). Among 124 patients currently taking prednisone, half (46.8%) were prescribed a bisphosphonate.ConclusionsAlthough compliance with current osteoporosis guidelines remains low among all patients with rheumatoid arthritis, higher risk patients were more likely to have a bone mineral density test and receive treatment for osteoporosis, as indicated by the clear dose response seen along the 10-year fracture risk from low to high-risk groups.     

高血压性脑出血患者的血液流变学和凝血谱的特性变化

目的通过对高血压性脑出血患者的血液流变学和凝血谱有关指标的检测,比较患者与健康对照组的血液流变学和凝血谱指标,为脑出血的预防和临床治疗提供客观依据。方法比较50例高血压性脑出血患者和51名健康对照者的血液流变学和凝血谱有关指标。结果高血压性肭出血患者的红细胞压积、全血粘度、全血还原粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞变形能力、纤维蛋白原浓度、D-二聚体水平、凝血酶时间等指标较健康对照组明显升高。而且血液流变学指标的异常变化幅度和凝血谱的指标异常变化幅度,特别是纤维蛋白原浓度密切相关。结论高血压患者的血液流变学和凝血谱的异常变化可能是导致脑出血发生的重要因素,因此纠正这些异常因素对预防和治疗高血压性脑出血具有一定的意义。     

等离子灭菌设备及其控制过程的设计

分析了等离子灭菌的原理,并据此给出了过氧化氢低温等离子灭菌的过程及设备的工作流程图;提出了系统设计的要求,并据此架构了系统组成框图;根据对密封门运动过程的分析,提出了可编程逻辑器件控制其运动的状态图;微控制器是整个系统的主控制器,通过微控制器控制系统工作的程序流程图也给出。     

Web环境下统计图表的一种生成方法

利用Windows的图形设备接口GDI+提供的图形工具库(即System.Drawing名称空间的GDI+),将程序代码分布在Web服务器端,用户通过浏览器访问相应的网页并运行服务器端代码,动态地生成图表,然后以GIF或JPG图形的形式发送给客户端提交给用户。最后给出一个生成直条图的例子及程序代码。     

Intravenous to oral conversion of fluoroquinolones: knowledge versus clinical practice patterns

Study Objectives: To assess the knowledge of prescribers regarding intravenous to oral conversions of fluoroquinolones, the frequency and time until conversion, and to compare prescriber knowledge with the data collected concerning the reasons stated for continuation of intravenous fluoroquinolones.Design: Prospective chart review and questionnaire.Setting: Large teaching hospital in Paris, France.Patients: Fifty-one males and females.Intervention: data were collected on in-patients receiving intravenous fluoroquinolone for at least three days and hospitalized in one of six in-patient units. Patients receiving intravenous fluoroquinolone for less than three days were excluded. A questionnaire to assess the awareness of a potential conversion was distributed to those practitioners who had patients reviewed during the data-collection phase.Main Results: the questionnaire revealed the ten most common reasons for continuing intravenous administration for more than three days. However, the physicians agreed that most patients should be converted as soon as possible. Practice patterns differed, with only 17 of 51 patients actually converted to oral therapy.Conclusion: in theory, the clinicians were aware of when to perform the conversion. However, in practice, the frequency of conversion was lower than optimum. Changes in clinical practice are needed to decrease the costs of intravenous therapy, without jeopardizing quality of care.     

Chart for renal tumor microwave ablation from human study

Purpose

To define microwave ablation (MWA) charts according to time and power in human renal tumors and to compare them to the charts given by the HS AMICA manufacturer.