沾染液体火箭推进剂时的个人洗消技术进展

目的 回顾与分析国内外有关沾染液体火箭推进剂时个人洗消技术和方法的研究资料，提出有效的个人洗消技术和方法，以尽可能地避免染毒或减轻染毒伤员的伤害程度。资料来源与选择 结合我们已进行的有关研究和参加抢救的临床救治体会，并引用国内外公开发表的相关论文及著作。资料引用 论文28篇及3部专著。资料综合主要针对个人洗消技术的有效性与安全性对文献作者采用的方法和指标进行分析和综合。结论 迅速及时地进行有效的洗消，以尽早彻底清除沾染的毒物，是防治液体火箭推进剂中毒的首要措施，可以明显避免或减轻染毒伤员的伤害程度。     

Ruthenium counterstaining for imaging mass cytometry

Imaging mass cytometry is a novel imaging modality that enables simultaneous antibody‐based detection of >40 epitopes and molecules in tissue sections at subcellular resolution by the use of isotopically pure metal tags. Essential for any imaging approach in which antigen detection is performed is counterstaining, which reveals the overall structure of the tissue. Counterstaining is necessary because antigens of interest are often present in only a small subset of cells, and the rest of the tissue structures are not visible. As most biological tissues are nearly transparent or non‐fluorescent, chromogenic reagents such as haematoxylin (for immunohistochemistry) or fluorescent dyes such as 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (which stains nuclei for epifluorescence and confocal microscopy) are utilized. Here, we describe a metal‐based counterstain for imaging mass cytometry based on simple oxidation and subsequent covalent binding of the tissue components to ruthenium tetroxide (RuO₄). RuO₄ counterstaining reveals general tissue structure both in areas with high cell content and in stromal areas with low cellularity and fibrous or hyaline material in a manner analogous to haematoxylin in immunohistochemical counterstaining or eosin or other anionic dyes in conventional histology. Our new counterstain approach is applicable to any metal‐based imaging technique, and will facilitate the adaptation of imaging mass cytometry for routine applications in clinical and research laboratories. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cerium oxide nanoparticle uptake kinetics from the gas-phase into lung cells in vitro is transport limited

Nowadays, aerosol processes are widely used for the manufacture of nanoparticles (NPs), creating an increased occupational exposure risk of workers, laboratory personnel and scientists to airborne particles. There is evidence that possible adverse effects are linked with the accumulation of NPs in target cells, pointing out the importance of understanding the kinetics of particle internalization.In this context, the uptake kinetics of representative airborne NPs over 30 min and their internalization after 24 h post-exposure were investigated by the use of a recently established exposure system. This system combines the production of aerosolized cerium oxide (CeO₂) NPs by flame spray synthesis with its simultaneous particle deposition from the gas-phase onto A549 lung cells, cultivated at the air-liquid interface.Particle uptake was quantified by mass spectrometry after several exposure times (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min). Over 35% of the deposited mass was found internalized after 10 min exposure, a value that increased to 60% after 30 min exposure. Following an additional 24 h post-incubation, a time span, after which adverse biological effects were observed in previous experiments, over 80% of total CeO₂ could be detected intracellularly.On the ultrastructural level, focal cerium aggregates were present on the apical surface of A549 cells and could also be localized intracellularly in vesicular structures. The uptake behaviour of aerosolized CeO₂ is in line with observations on cerium suspensions, where particle mass transport was identified as the rate-limiting factor for NP internalization.     

四氧化二氮和冲击波致冲毒复合伤大鼠血气变化的研究

目的 :探讨四氧化二氮 (N2 O4)和冲击波致冲毒复合伤对动物血气的影响。方法 :雄性 Wistar大鼠16 8只 ,随机分为冲击伤组、单纯 N2 O4中毒组和冲毒复合伤组 ,每组动物分为伤前及伤后 3、6、12、2 4、48和 72小时各时间点组。冲击伤致伤方法 :将动物置于 BST I型生物激波管 ,以 471.5 k Pa冲击波冲击致伤。染毒方法 :动物置于 12 0 L 自制染毒柜 ,利用微量注射器注入液态 N2 O4,维持染毒柜内 N2 O4体积分数为 45× 10 - 6(4 5 ppm) ,造成重度染毒。结果 :3组动物动脉血氧分压 (Pa O2 )均在伤后 3～ 6小时内显著下降 ,单纯冲击伤组伤后 12小时恢复正常 ;冲毒复合伤组动物伤后动脉血 Pa O2 下降最为显著 ,重者死于呼吸衰竭。结论 :单纯冲击伤和单纯 N2 O4中毒早期血气均会有显著变化 ;冲毒复合伤对血气的影响较单纯致伤更为显著     

A semi-automated micro-method for the histological assessment of fat embolism

A method of quantitatively determining the volume of fat emboli in a tissue using an image analysis system (I.B.A.S.) was developed. This procedure is an interactive, semi-automated tool allowing the quick and accurate gathering of large quantities of data from sections of different tissue samples stained by osmium tetroxide. The development of this procedure was aimed at producing a system which is reliable, reproducible and semi-automated thereby enabling epidemiological and serial studies to be made of a large number of histological sections from different tissues. The system was tested in a study of tissue sections from a series of fatalities from an aircraft crash in an attempt at correlating the incidence of fat emboli with the presence of multiple fractures and soft tissue injuries, the correlation to be made being between the quantitative presence of fat emboli and the extent and severity of injuries suffered.     

飞船推进剂四氧化二氮中毒损伤的研究

目的探讨飞船推进剂四氧化二氮 (N2 O4)中毒损伤的特点及远期效应。方法雄性Wistar大鼠 1 2 8只 ,随机分为 4组 :1 )空白对照组 ( 5 6只 ) ;2 )急性染毒组 ( 5 6只 ) ;3)远期效应对照组 ( 8只 ) ;4)染毒远期效应组 ( 8只 )。急性染毒组又分为染毒前、染毒后 3、6、1 2、2 4、48、72h等 7个时相 ,每小组 8只 ,以伤前正常值作为基础值 ,进行前后对照比较和同时相组别比较 ,以观察N2 O4染毒的急性效应 ;远期效应对照组及染毒远期效应组喂养 1a后取主要器官病理形态学检查 (大体、光镜、电镜 ) ,以观察远期效应。以 81mg/m3浓度的N2 O4单次染毒 1 5min。同时观察N2 O4染毒对大鼠的远期效应。结果急性N2 O4染毒以肺水肿为主要病理表现 :染毒后 3h动脉氧分压 (PaO2 )下降到最低 ( 4 .5 8± 0 .41 )kPa。远期效应组75 %的大鼠有肺纤维化 ,个别大鼠出现肺腺癌。结论本研究确认N2 O4急性染毒后 2 6h是伤情最严重的时期 ,远期效应明显 ,出现肺纤维化。提示救治此类伤员时必须迅速、及时 ,早期治疗的同时就应考虑对可能发生的远期效应进行兼顾和并治 ,在可能的条件下进行预防。     

四氧化二氮中毒致肺损伤后ANP、MetHb和病理学变化研究

目的复制四氧化二氮(N2O4)吸入致肺损伤动物模型,检测心钠素(ANP)、高铁血红蛋白(MetHb)和肺病理学变化,研究其肺损伤机制。方法实验动物为美国癌症研究所(ICR)小鼠16只,随机分成正常组和中毒组,每组8只。分时相(24 h、48 h、72 h)取血测定ANP和MetHb含量,同期进行肺病理学检查。结果 N2O4中毒后,各组动物均出现肺水肿,同期血清ANP含量呈进行性升高,全血MetHb也较正常组显著增高。结论测定ANP可以及时反映N2O4中毒后发生肺水肿伤情变化,MetHb也在其中扮演了重要角色,实时监测二者含量可用于指导临床救治。     

氮氧化物致急性化学中毒性肺水肿的临床救治研究

目的：探索对氮氧化物致急性化学中毒性肺水肿临床救治的新途径。方法：①间断高流量吸氧,同时湿化吸入50％的酒精抗泡;②肺部体征明显者雾化吸入二甲基硅油;③根据病人紫绀情况分别给予美兰或维生素C静推;④心率快者用半量西地兰静推;⑤用速尿10－20mg静推;⑥关键性治疗方法为莨菪碱联用地塞米松冲击疗法,遇呼衰、低氧血症者,同时使用呼吸机等。结果：64例患者中有19例发生急性化学中毒性肺水肿,死亡3例,16例得救,急性化学中毒性肺水肿患者的死亡率为15.78％。结论：氮氧化物所致的化学中毒性肺水肿较临床其它原因的急性肺水肿病情发展迅猛,救治极为困难,死亡率极高。综合治疗是至关重要的,莨菪碱类药物联用地塞米松有良好的效果。     

四氧化二氮爆炸致冲毒复合伤对家兔血流动力学及病理形态学的影响

目的　复制四氧化二氮 (N2 O4)爆炸致冲毒复合伤模型 ,并研究其对血流动力学及病理形态学的影响。方法　健康成年雄性标准壹级家兔 2 0只 ,体重 2 74± 0 5 9kg。随机分为 :①冲击伤组 (B) ;②N2 O4吸入中毒组 (N) ;③冲毒复合伤组 (BN)。复制冲毒复合伤模型连续监测血流动力学指标并进行前后对照比和同时相组间比。结果　冲击伤后早期 ,心率显著增快 ,平均动脉压 (MAP)、左心室收缩压 (LVSP)、心室内压最大上升、下降速率±dp/dtmax均一过性上升。而四氧化二氮及冲毒复合伤组动物早期心率、MAP、LVSP、dp/dtmax均呈现逐渐下降的趋势 ,伤后 3h～ 6h最低。主要病理形态学改变 :①肺冲击伤以出血明显 ,N2 O4中毒组病变稍轻 ,以肺水肿为著 ,复合伤组肺出血和水肿均加重 ;②心肌纤维断裂 ;③肝浊肿 ,肝细胞灶性及桥接坏死 ;④肾浊肿 ,肾小管坏死 ;⑤脑 :部分神经细胞 /小血管和淋巴管周围空隙增宽 ,脑膜血管扩张充血。结论　四氧化二氮及冲毒复合伤组家兔在 3h～ 6h内血流动力学状态明显恶化 ,而冲毒复合伤组家兔的血流动力学状态恶化程度更为明显。另外 ,三组家兔的主要病理形态学均有改变 ,以冲毒复合伤组的损伤最重 ,提示对冲毒复合伤进行早期救治 (在 3h～ 6h内 )的重要性。     

Studies on the Circulatory Pathophysiology of Trauma: I. Effect of Acute Soft Tissue Injury on Nutritional and Non-nutritional Shunt Flow Through the Hindleg of the Dog

Antigen induced arthritis (AIA) was elicited in 28 adult rabbits using ovalbumin. All animals developed an intensive monarthritis manifested by local heat and swelling. Two, 7 and 21 days later, respectively, 0.3 ml of 1 per cent OsO₄ was injected into the arthritic knees of three groups of 9 rabbits. The rabbits were killed 1, 3 and 6 months later. No modifying influence on the severe to complete cartilage destruction was evident. One group of 8 rabbits received only OsO₄ and the cartilage of these animals remained intact after 6 months.