全文获取类型
收费全文 | 675篇 |
免费 | 21篇 |
国内免费 | 6篇 |
专业分类
儿科学 | 49篇 |
妇产科学 | 12篇 |
基础医学 | 43篇 |
临床医学 | 38篇 |
内科学 | 337篇 |
神经病学 | 9篇 |
特种医学 | 2篇 |
外科学 | 25篇 |
综合类 | 84篇 |
预防医学 | 29篇 |
眼科学 | 6篇 |
药学 | 49篇 |
中国医学 | 7篇 |
肿瘤学 | 12篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 3篇 |
2023年 | 7篇 |
2022年 | 9篇 |
2021年 | 11篇 |
2020年 | 17篇 |
2019年 | 8篇 |
2018年 | 9篇 |
2017年 | 9篇 |
2016年 | 11篇 |
2015年 | 6篇 |
2014年 | 19篇 |
2013年 | 29篇 |
2012年 | 18篇 |
2011年 | 27篇 |
2010年 | 16篇 |
2009年 | 32篇 |
2008年 | 26篇 |
2007年 | 23篇 |
2006年 | 19篇 |
2005年 | 20篇 |
2004年 | 18篇 |
2003年 | 18篇 |
2002年 | 8篇 |
2001年 | 9篇 |
2000年 | 10篇 |
1999年 | 11篇 |
1998年 | 19篇 |
1997年 | 21篇 |
1996年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 15篇 |
1994年 | 13篇 |
1993年 | 17篇 |
1992年 | 8篇 |
1991年 | 21篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1988年 | 25篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 11篇 |
1985年 | 16篇 |
1984年 | 22篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1977年 | 10篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有702条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
B. Hagander J. Holm† N.-G. Asp† S. Efendi‡ I. Lundquist§ P. Nilsson-Ehle B. Scherstén 《Journal of human nutrition and dietetics》1988,1(4):239-246
Test meals with 10.9 g dietary fibre from sugar beet and corresponding control meals were given to eight healthy subjects, aged 67 ± 9 years. The postprandial glucose, triglyceride, hormone and glycerol responses were monitored during 3 hours. After the beet fibre meal the insulin and C-peptide areas were reduced by 28 ( P < 0.01) and 22% ( P > 0.025), respectively, and the somatostatin levels increased by approximately 30% ( P > 0.05). Further, the maximum relative postprandial reduction of plasma glycerol levels was less evident after the fibre-rich meal than after the control meal (36 ± 4% v. 46 ± 4%, P < 0.05). There was no apparent difference in the overall glycaemic response between the meals. The triglyceride levels were similar after both test meals.
Suspension of beet fibre bread given to rats by oro-gastric intubation induced lower blood glucose response than a control bread at 15 and 30 min ( P < 0.001), respectively, but a similar insulin response.
The results suggest an effect of beet fibre on the rate of carbohydrate absorption, expressed as a lower insulin response in the healthy volunteers and a reduced glucose response in the rat.
The mechanism behind this effect in healthy subjects could possibly be mediated by an increased somatostatin response. 相似文献
Suspension of beet fibre bread given to rats by oro-gastric intubation induced lower blood glucose response than a control bread at 15 and 30 min ( P < 0.001), respectively, but a similar insulin response.
The results suggest an effect of beet fibre on the rate of carbohydrate absorption, expressed as a lower insulin response in the healthy volunteers and a reduced glucose response in the rat.
The mechanism behind this effect in healthy subjects could possibly be mediated by an increased somatostatin response. 相似文献
2.
H. Ehrenreich C. Kolmar C. Pittius F. -D. Goebel 《Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)》1988,66(4):175-180
Summary Administration of synthetic human corticotropin-releasing factor (hCRF, 2 µg/kg body weight) during simultaneous application of the opioid antagonist naloxone (1.6 mg i.v. bolus, followed by an infusion at a rate of 1.2 mg/h) produced a significant increase in plasma C-peptide levels of six male Type 2 diabetic patients which even exceeded the postprandial values. This stimulatory effect of hCRF/naloxone on plasma C-peptide was less pronounced in six healthy men. hCRF alone did not provoke any reaction of plasma C-peptide in either group.The possibility of a paracrine, CRF-dependent mechanism in pancreatic islets which somehow involves inhibitory opioid receptors is preferentially discussed. Such a mechanism may underlie the stimulatory action of hCRF/naloxone on B cells and would explain the absent reaction of peripheral venous plasma C-peptide to hCRF alone as well as the amplifying effect of simultaneous opioid receptor blockade.Abbreviations ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
- C-peptide
connecting-peptide
- CRF
corticotropin-releasing factor
- hCRF
human CRF
- oCRF
ovine CRF
- min
minutes
- S.D.
standard deviation
- S.E.M.
standard error of the mean
This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Go 299/3-2)Dedicated to Professor Dr. N. Zöllner on the occasion of his 65th birthday 相似文献
3.
W. WU Y. OSHIDA W-P. YANG L. LI I. OHSAWA J. SATO S. IWAO B-L. JOHANSSON J. WAHREN Y. SATO 《Acta physiologica (Oxford, England)》1996,157(2):253-258
Recent studies suggest that C-peptide stimulates glucose transport in isolated skeletal muscle. In order to determine the effect of C-peptide on whole body glucose utilization, streptozotocin (60 mg kg-1) (STZ)-induced diabetic and normal rats were studied using the euglycaemic clamp procedure and continuous infusion of somatostatin (1.0 μg kg-1 min-1) in pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats. Plasma insulin levels during the 6.0- and 30.0-mU kg-1 min-1 insulin infusions rose to 70–90 μU mL-1 and 500–700 μU mL-1, respectively. Blood glucose concentrations were clamped at 7.5–7.9 mmol L-1 in the diabetic rats and at basal levels or 7.7 mmol L-1 in the non-diabetic (normal) rats. Biosynthetic human C-peptide (0.5 nmol kg-1 min-1) was infused in 12 diabetic and 11 normal rats, resulting in concentrations of 26–41 nmol L-1. The metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCR) for the diabetic rats receiving C-peptide (12.0±1.0 mL kg-1 min-1) was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that in the diabetic rats given saline (6.3±0.7 mL kg-1 min-1) or a randomly scrambled C-peptide (7.8±1.3 mL kg-1 min-1) at low-dose insulin infusion but not at the high-dose insulin infusion. In normal rats C-peptide did not significantly increase the MCR for glucose. These results thus demonstrate that C-peptide has the capacity to increase glucose utilization in STZ-induced diabetic rats. 相似文献
4.
Magni P Sparacino G Bellazzi R Toffolo GM Cobelli C 《Annals of biomedical engineering》2004,32(7):1027-1037
The identification of the insulin minimal model (MM) for the estimation of insulin secretion rate (ISR) and physiological indexes (e.g. beta-cell sensitivity) requires the knowledge of C-peptide (CP) kinetics. The four parameters of the two-compartment model of CP kinetics in a given individual can be derived either from an additional bolus experiment or, more frequently, from a population model. However, in both situations, the CP kinetics is uncertain and, in MM identification, it should be treated as such. This paper shows how to handle CP kinetics uncertainty by using a Bayesian methodology. In seven subjects, MM indexes and ISR were estimated together with their confidence intervals, using either the bolus data or the population model to assess CP kinetics. The two main results that arise from the application of the new methodology are: (i) the use of the population model in place of the bolus data to determine CP kinetics does not affect, on average, the point estimates of ISR profile and MM parameters but only the confidence intervals which becomes wider (less than 50%); (ii) in both the bolus and population situation neglecting the uncertainty of CP kinetics, as done in MM literature so far, introduces no bias, on average, on point estimates of MM indexes but only an underestimation of confidence intervals. 相似文献
5.
N. Lotz W. Bachmann T. Ladik H. Mehnert 《Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)》1988,66(21):1079-1084
Summary In type 2 diabetes with secondary failure of sulfonylurea therapy good metabolic control can seldom be achieved by insulin therapy even with high insulin doses. Hyperinsulinemia however is a possible risk factor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Maintaining the effects of sulfonylurea action insulin should be added in as small amounts as possible to avoid hyperinsulinemia and to ameliorate hyperglycemia.16 type 2 diabetics with secondary failure were treated either with insulin alone (group A;n=8) or with 3.5 mg b.i.d glibenclamide plus small amounts of intermediate insulin (group B;n=8) in a randomised order. After the inpatient period outpatient control was performed monthly up to six months, later on four times a year up to two years.Both groups were comparable with regard to age, duration of diabetes, body weight and metabolic control. The daily insulin dose was 14±2 IU
after one month and 19±2 IU after two years in group B. In contrast 30±3 IU and 43±5 IU respectively were needed in group A (p<0.001). All patients B were treated with one daily injection, all patients A needed two injections. Resulting in nearly identical metabolic control in group A basal insulin levels exceeded those in group B after two years significantly (28.6±3.7 vs. 18.6±1.6 mcU/ml;p<0.01). Endogenous C-peptide response was suppressed in group A compared to group B after inpatient period and after one month (0.12±0.01 vs. 0.49±0.15 and 0.09±0.04 vs. 0.13±0.08 pmol/ml;p<0.05). The combined therapy of insulin and sulfonylureas demonstrates the benefit of a prolonged sulfonylurea administration in the treatment of type 2 diabetes with secondary failure.As compared to common insulin therapy a small amount of exogenous insulin by one daily injection additionally to glibenclamide shows similar improvement in metabolic control. Hyperinsulinemia as a risk factor of macroangiopathy is markedly reduced in patients treated with combined therapy compared to those with insulin alone.
Herrn Professor Dr. N. Zöllner zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet 相似文献
6.
目的 :探讨在高糖状态下C肽对人脐静脉内皮细胞 (HUVEC)体外表达内皮型一氧化氮合酶 (eNOS)的影响。方法 :将培养成功的HUVEC在不同浓度的C肽和葡萄糖环境下孵育72h ,提取细胞总RNA ,应用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应 (SQ -RT -PCR)法 ,检测eNOSmRNA表达的情况。结果 :生理浓度葡萄糖 (5 5mmol/L)状态下 ,低浓度的C肽 (0 3nmol/L)使HUVECeNOSmRNA表达减弱(P<0.01) ,生理浓度 (3nmol/L)和高浓度(30nmol/L)的C肽可使eNOSmRNA的表达明显增强(P<0.01) ;高浓度葡萄糖(33.3mmol/L)状态使HU VECeNOSmRNA表达减弱(P<0.01) ,加入生理浓度或高浓度C肽后 ,eNOSmRNA表达增强(P<0.01)。结论 :HUVEC体外eNOSmRNA表达可受C肽浓度影响 ;高浓度或生理浓度C肽可缓解高糖对HUVECeNOS表达的抑制作用。提示C肽可能对防治糖尿病大血管病变具有重要作用 相似文献
7.
8.
目的探讨血清C-肽水平测定在Ⅱ型糖尿病诊疗中的临床意义。方法将65例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者为病例组,42例健康受试者为正常对照组,两组均禁食12h。次晨对两组对象在空腹及进食标准馒头餐后1、2、3h采血以化学发光法测定血清C-肽水平和胰岛素。结果Ⅱ型糖尿病组空腹C肽测定值较正常对照组高,C肽于2h达高峰,释放峰值延迟,3h仍不能恢复至正常水平,餐后C肽是空腹c肽的3倍;正常对照组c肽于lh达峰值,3h降至空腹水平。餐后C肽是空腹C肽的6倍。结论血清C肽水平更能全面准确反映胰岛13细胞的分泌功能,对Ⅱ型糖尿病的诊疗具有重要指导意义。 相似文献
9.
Seizaburo Masuda Kazuki Ota Rei Okazaki Ryoko Ishii Keiho Cho Yuki Hiramatsu Yuko Adachi Sayo Koseki Eri Ueda Isao Minami Tetsuya Yamada Takayuki Watanabe 《Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)》2022,61(8):1125
Objective This study analyzed the clinical and laboratory parameters that might influence the clinical outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes who develop diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which has not been well investigated. Methods We reviewed the clinical and laboratory data of 158 patients who were hospitalized due to DKA between January 2006 and June 2019 and compared the data of patients stratified by the type of diabetes. In addition, the patients with type 2 diabetes were subdivided according to age, and their clinical and laboratory findings were evaluated. Results Patients with type 2 diabetes had a longer symptom duration associated with DKA, higher body mass index (BMI), and higher C-peptide levels than those with type 1 diabetes (p<0.05). Among patients with type 2 diabetes, elderly patients (≥65 years old) had a longer duration of diabetes, higher frequency of DKA onset under diabetes treatment, higher effective osmolarity, lower BMI, and lower urinary C-peptide levels than nonelderly patients (<65 years old) (p<0.05). A correlation analysis showed that age was significantly negatively correlated with the index of insulin secretory capacity. Conclusion Patients with DKA and type 2 diabetes had a higher BMI and insulin secretion capacity than those with type 1 diabetes. However, elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, unlike younger patients, were characterized by a lean body, impaired insulin secretion, and more frequent DKA development while undergoing treatment for diabetes. 相似文献
10.
ObjectivesThe serum levels of C-peptide, an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), increase with age. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum C-peptide and increased risk for CVD with altered lipid metabolism in the elderly.MethodsThis was a population-based cross-sectional study that included 3091 elderly participants aged ≥65 years. Serum C-peptide and lipid levels were measured according to standard protocols. Sampling weights were used to estimate the characteristics of study participants. Stratified analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the changes in the serum lipid levels according to quartiles of serum C-peptide levels, and the linear trend was assessed using a linear model. The logistic regression model was carried out to determine the association between the serum C-peptide levels and serum lipid levels.ResultsThe results of the analysis of covariance stratified by sex and serum insulin level showed that the serum triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly associated with changes in the serum C-peptide levels, independent of the serum insulin level. The logistic regression analyses indicated that the serum C-peptide levels were positively associated with the serum TG levels, and negatively associated with the serum HDL-C levels. A significant dose-response association was obtained in both men and women.ConclusionsSerum C-peptide levels were strongly associated with increased serum TG and reduced HDL-C levels in the elderly. Our results suggest that serum C-peptide increases the risk of CVD via a pathway that increases TG or decreases HDL-C levels. 相似文献