Opiate induced feeding is not dependent on the hippocampus

It has been shown that spreading depression of the hippocampus can elicit feeding, and that several opioid peptides elicit spreading depression when injected into the hippocampus. To determine whether such depression is the primary mechanism by which opiates induce feeding, we tested the feeding effects of naloxone, an opiate antagonist, and butorphanol tartrate, a kappa-sigma agonist, on feeding in rats with and without hippocampal lesions. Naloxone tended to reduce intake approximately equally in the two groups. Similarly, the doses of butorphanol that increased intake in sham rats were equally effective in lesioned rats. It was concluded that the hippocampus is not the major structure mediating opiate-induced feeding.     

The effects of butorphanol on baroreflex control of heart rate in man

The effects of butorphanol injection on baroreflex control of heart rate were investigated using both pressor and depressor tests in eighteen adult patients. Baroreflex sensistivity was attenuated after butorphanol injection in the pressor test using phenylephrine, whereas it was unchanged in the depressor test using nitroglycerine. No resetting of the baroreflex occurred after butorphanol injection. After the administration of butorphanol, plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels increased. These results suggest that it is safe to use butorphanol clinically even when a reduction in blood pressure due to hypovolemia or unclamping of the major artery is expected and that it is disadvantageous to administer the drug when an increase in blood pressure due to cross-clamping of the major artery is predicted.(Wajima Z, Inoue T and Ogawa R: The effects of butorphanol on baroreflex control of heart rate in man. J Anesth 7: 411--418, 1993)     

Effects of diltiazem,a Ca2+ channel blocker,on naloxone-precipitated changes in dopamine and its metabolites in the brains of opioid-dependent rats

The effects of diltiazem, an L-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker, on naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist)-precipitated withdrawal signs and changes in extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites in various brain regions of morphine (a -opioid receptor agonist) or butorphanol (a// mixed opioid receptor agonist) dependent rats were investigated using high performance liquid chromatography fitted with an electrochemical detector (HPLC-ED). Rats were rendered opioid-dependent by continuous intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion with morphine (26 nmol/µl per h) or butorphanol (26 nmol/µ1 per h) for 3 days. The expression of physical dependence produced by these opioids, as evaluated by naloxone (5 mg/kg, IP)-precipitated withdrawal signs, was reduced by concomitant infusion of diltiazem (10 and 100 nmol/µl per h). Under the same condition, naloxone decreased the levels of: DA in the cortex, striatum, and midbrain; 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the cortex, striatum, limbic areas, and midbrain; and homovanilic acid (HVA) in the striatum, limbic areas, and midbrain regions. In animals rendered dependent on butorphanol, the results obtained were similar to those of morphine-dependent rats except for the changes in DOPAC levels. Furthermore, concomitant infusion of diltiazem and opioids blocked the decreases in levels of DA, DOPAC, and HVA in a dosedependent manner. These results suggest that the augmentation of intracellular Ca²⁺ mediated through L-type Ca²⁺ channels during continuous opioid infusion results in a decrease in extracellular levels of DA and its metabolites in some specific regions, which are intimately involved in the expression of withdrawal syndrome precipitated by naloxone.     

替米沙坦与吲哒帕胺联合应用治疗轻、中度高血压的临床疗效

目的 :评价替米沙坦与吲哒帕胺联用治疗轻、中度高血压的临床疗效与安全性。方法 :采用随机平行对照方法 ,将原发性轻、中度高血压患者 73例分成 3组。对照组 (n =2 4 )予替米沙坦 (4 0mg·d-1,qd) ;治疗组Ⅰ (n =2 5 )在服用替米沙坦 (2 0mg·d-1)基础上 ,加服吲哒帕胺 (1 2 5mg ,qd) ;治疗组Ⅱ (n =2 4 )在服用替米沙坦 (2 0mg·d-1)基础上 ,加服酒石酸美洛托尔 (2 5mg ,bid)。疗程均为 8wk。结果 :治疗 8wk后 ,治疗组Ⅰ和治疗组Ⅱ ,总有效率分别为 92 0 %和 83 3% ,前者与对照组总有效率6 2 5 %比较 ,P <0 0 5 ;后者与对照组比较 ,P >0 0 5。对照组、治疗组Ⅰ和治疗组Ⅱ不良反应发生例数分别为 1、3、4例。结论 :低剂量替米沙坦与吲哒帕胺联用治疗轻、中度高血压较单用替米沙坦降压效果好     

酒石酸美托洛尔缓释微丸和缓释片在健康人体内的药动学比较

目的研究酒石酸美托洛尔缓释微丸和缓释片在人体的药动学特征,评价两者的生物等效性。方法选择18～40岁健康成年男性12名,采用双周期双交叉试验设计,健康志愿者分别口服酒石酸美托洛尔缓释微丸和缓释片,应用高效液相-荧光检测方法测定经时血药浓度,应用DAS软件计算药动学参数。结果酒石酸美托洛尔缓释微丸和缓释片的药动学参数,峰浓度(Cmax)为(70.12±37.43)ng/mL和(63.93±38.59)ng/mL,达峰时间(Tmax)为(4±0)h和(4±0)h,消除相半衰期(t1/2)为(4.60±0.77)h和(6.16±2.11)h,0-t药时曲线下面积(AUC0-t)为(666.35±541.36)ng/(mL.h)和(630.19±487.83)ng/(mL.h),0-∞药时曲线下面积(AUC0-∞)为(747.15±575.05)ng/(mL.h)和(715.88±499.18)ng/(mL.h),平均驻留时间(MRT)为(9.43±1.14)h和(10.31±2.51)h,相对生物利用度(F)为(103.0±31.1)%。结论制备的酒石酸美托洛尔缓释微丸与市售制剂酒石酸美托洛尔缓释片相比具有生物等效性。     

美托洛尔缓释片对原发性高血压患者心率变异性的影响

目的:研究美托洛尔缓释片对原发性高血压患者心率变异性的影响。方法:94例原发性高血压患者,洗脱2周后,随机口服富马酸美托洛尔缓释片(95 mg.d-1,qd)或酒石酸美托洛尔缓释片(100 mg.d-1,qd)8周。服药前和药后8周行24 h动态心电图检查各1次,分析2组及全部患者的24 h时域和5 min频域指标。结果:2组患者药前、药后的长程时域指标和短程频域指标组间比较均无统计学差异。94例全部患者药前/药后24 h平均心率为(76.27±8.18)/(69.29±6.48)次.min-1(P<0.000 1),药后长程时域指标PNN50显著增加(5.6±4.8)ms vs(8.5±7.2)ms(P<0.000 1);短程频域指标HF增加(88.8±92.8)Hz vs(127.3±127.1)Hz(P=0.007),LF/HF明显下降(2.9±2.0)vs(2.1±2.1)(P=0.002)。结论:美托洛尔缓释片有益于原发性高血压患者心率变异性的恢复,2种不同酸根美托洛尔缓释片的作用无明显差异。     

布托啡诺预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后痛觉过敏110例的临床探讨

目的对布托啡诺预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后痛觉过敏的临床疗效进行探讨。方法随机抽取110例在我院行腹腔镜下胆道手术的患者,将其分为观察组和对照组,每组各55例,观察组予以布托啡诺预防痛觉过敏;对照组予以0.9%的NaCl溶液,观察并比较两组患者的痛觉与不良反应的发生情况。结果两组患者手术时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间、拔管时心率（HR）、动脉压（MAP）以及血氧饱和度（SpO2）均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;观察组患者各时刻视觉模拟评分法（VAS）疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分及不良反应率均低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论布托啡诺预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后痛觉过敏安全有效,患者不良反应少,具有积极的临床应用价值。     

小剂量氯胺酮联合布托啡诺防治剖宫产术中胃牵拉痛和寒战的临床观察

目的观察氯胺酮联合布托啡诺防治硬膜外麻醉下剖宫产术中胃牵拉痛和寒战的临床效果。方法120例硬膜外麻醉下接受剖宫产术产妇,分为对照组和观察组,各60例,观察组为硬膜外阻滞手术开始前静脉给予0．4mg／kg氯胺酮,胎儿娩出即刻,静滴布托啡诺15／zg／kg,对照组不用任何镇痛镇静药物,观察术中产妇生命体征的变化,胎儿娩出及探查关腹时胃牵拉痛的VAS评分,RSS镇静评分和出现Wrench寒战分级的情况。结果胎儿娩出及探查关腹时,观察组与对照组比较血压,心率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;观察组产妇在胎儿娩出及探查关腹时VAS评分明显均低于对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组产妇RSS镇静评分与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,观察组产妇术中Wrench寒战分级与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。二组恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制比较差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论小剂量氯胺酮联合布托啡诺应用于硬膜外剖宫产术中防治胃牵拉痛和寒战效果明显,患者术中生命体征平稳,舒适度提高。     

国产酒石酸溴莫尼定滴眼液的降眼压作用

目的:比较国产酒石酸溴莫尼定滴眼液(brimonidinetar-trateeyedrops)与进口同类药品阿法根滴眼液治疗青光眼和高眼压症的临床疗效及安全性。方法:原发性开角型青光眼或高眼压症患者240例,多中心随机双盲分成试验组(2g/L国产酒石酸溴莫尼定滴眼液)和对照组(阿法根滴眼液)。两组均每日点药2次(08∶00和20∶00),每次1滴。将点第1滴药后2h的眼压及连续点药后1,2,4wk的眼压与基线眼压进行比较研究,同时观察血压、心率等全身及局部副作用。结果:试验组点药前平均眼压为23.74±4.77mmHg,点1滴药后2h平均眼压为19.38±4.51mmHg(下降17.58%),连续点药1wk平均眼压为18.34±4.57mmHg(下降22.19%),2wk平均眼压为18.42±4.32mmHg(下降21.73%),4wk平均眼压为18.56±4.46mmHg(下降21.06%);对照组点药前平均眼压为24.54±5.66mmHg点1滴药后2h平均眼压为20.60±5.70mmHg(下降15.46%),连续点药1wk平均眼压为19.79±6.50mmHg(下降18.82%),2wk平均眼压为19.46±5.05mmHg(下降19.59%),4wk平均眼压为19.73±5.68mmHg(下降18.73%),经统计学处理两组之间降眼压效果无显著性差异。试验组和对照组均无明显的局部和全身不良反应发生。结论:国产2g/L酒石酸溴莫尼定滴眼液与阿法根滴眼液用于治疗原发性开角性青光眼与高眼压症,两者降眼压效果相似,全身和局部副作用小。     

布托啡诺与舒芬太尼在肺叶切除术后镇痛效果的比较

目的比较布托啡诺和舒芬太尼在电视辅助胸腔镜(VATS)下小切口肺叶切除术后患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)的效果。方法择期全麻下行VATS肺叶切除术患者75例(22～57岁),ASAⅡ级,随机分成布托啡诺Ⅰ组(BⅠ组)、布托啡诺Ⅱ组(BⅡ组)、舒芬太尼组(S组),每组25例。在手术结束前30min,BⅠ、BⅡ组给予布托啡诺负荷量30μg/kg,S组给予舒芬太尼负荷量0.1μg/kg,术毕BⅠ、BⅡ组分别予布托啡诺3μg·kg-1·h-1,4μg·kg-1·h-1维持PCIA,S组予舒芬太尼0.05μg·kg-1·h-1维持PCIA。观察并记录术后1h、6h、12h、18h、24h、36h、48h的平均动脉压、心率、呼吸频率、脉搏氧饱和度、患者平静时的视觉模拟(VAS)疼痛评分及Ramsay镇静评分,术后12h、24h、36h、48h的恶心评级和呕吐评级。并记录患者术后36h和48h咳嗽时的VAS疼痛评分。结果术后48h内三组患者各观察时点的呼吸循环指标、Ramsay镇静评分、恶心、呕吐评级比较无显著性差异。在术后6～24h各时点,BⅡ组与S组间VAS评分差异无显著性,但BⅡ组和S组VAS评分均低于BⅠ组(P<0.05)。术后36h、48h患者咳嗽时VAS评分,BⅡ组和S组均低于BⅠ组(P<0.05),但BⅡ组与S组间无显著差异。结论VATS手术结束前30min缓慢静注布托啡诺负荷量30μg/kg,术后给予4μg·kg-1·h-1的维持量,与舒芬太尼PCIA同样安全有效。