洗瓶机夹瓶和插针机构的设计与探讨

主要介绍洗瓶机的夹瓶机构和插针机构的工作原理和优点.采用碰块和弹簧使瓶夹张开和收紧,进出瓶时瓶夹张开,夹瓶时通过单件V型活动夹和定位块的一侧使瓶定位夹紧;喷针进出瓶时的行走方向与瓶行走方向成一定夹角,喷针逐渐插入瓶内,插入后喷针与瓶沿圆弧方向同步行走,冲洗时喷针始终插在瓶内.优点是结构简单,成本低,产量高,符合GMP要求.     

转乳期婴儿不同喂养方式对其碘营养变化的影响

目的了解母乳喂养婴儿及其乳母碘营养水平;动态观察从1个月月龄至6个月月龄转乳期时不同喂养方式对婴儿碘营养的影响.方法对97名1个月月龄母乳喂养婴儿尿碘水平进行测定,同时检测其乳母乳碘、尿碘水平,比较二者关系;动态观察97名婴儿从出生至6个月月龄,按喂养方式分为母乳、混合、人工喂养三组,分别检测比较其尿碘水平,与1个月月龄时尿碘水平进行自身对照比较.结果 1个月月龄母乳喂养婴儿尿碘中位数为183 μg/L,提示碘营养状态良好,乳母尿碘、乳碘中位数分别为122 μg/L、201 μg/L,前者明显低于后者(P＜0.001);6个月月龄尿碘水平与1个月月龄比较,母乳喂养组较前升高,人工喂养组下降(P均<0.001),混合喂养组无明显变化(P＞0.05),3组间差异有显著意义(P＜0.005),母乳及混合喂养组明显高于人工喂养(P均<0.001),母乳喂养组婴儿尿碘中位数最高.结论母乳喂养儿碘营养状态良好,乳母碘营养不足;转乳期婴儿碘营养呈下降趋势,部分人工喂养婴儿存在碘营养不良.     

Coordination of suck-swallow and swallow respiration in preterm infants

Safe oral feeding of infants necessitates the coordination of suck-swallow-breathe. Healthy full-term infants demonstrate such skills at birth. But, preterm infants are known to have difficulty in the transition from tube to oral feeding. AIM: To examine the relationship between suck and swallow and between swallow and breathe. It is hypothesized that greater milk transfer results from an increase in bolus size and/or swallowing frequency, and an improved swallow-breathe interaction. METHODS: Twelve healthy preterm (<30 wk of gestation) and 8 full-term infants were recruited. Sucking (suction and expression), swallowing, and respiration were recorded simultaneously when the preterm infants began oral feeding (i.e. taking 1-2 oral feedings/d) and at 6-8 oral feedings/d. The full-term infants were similarly monitored during their first and 2nd to 4th weeks. Rate of milk transfer (ml/min) was used as an index of oral feeding performance. Sucking and swallowing frequencies (#/min), average bolus size (ml), and suction amplitude (mmHg) were measured. RESULTS: The rate of milk transfer in the preterm infants increased over time and was correlated with average bolus size and swallowing frequency. Average bolus size was not correlated with swallowing frequency. Bolus size was correlated with suction amplitude, whereas the frequency of swallowing was correlated with sucking frequency. Preterm infants swallowed preferentially at different phases of respiration than those of their full-term counterparts. CONCLUSION: As feeding performance improved, sucking and swallowing frequency, bolus size, and suction amplitude increased. It is speculated that feeding difficulties in preterm infants are more likely to result from inappropriate swallow-respiration interfacing than suck-swallow interaction.     

湖南省攸县农村2岁以下婴幼儿喂养方式的调查分析

本文采用世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会（ＷＨＯ／ＵＮＩＣＥＦ）最新推荐的指标来评价我国农村母乳喂养的状况。结果表明，攸县农村２岁以下婴幼儿母乳喂养率为４７．５％；４个月以下的纯母乳喂养率为６１．６％，优势母乳喂养率为７６７％；６～９个月婴幼儿及时合理添加辅食率为７３７％；１岁以下婴幼儿奶瓶喂养率为３．０％。建议母乳喂养工作应进一步加强，指标体系中应增加母乳喂养率。     

软包装输液袋瓶盖不消毒的可行性分析

目的：探讨软包装输液袋瓶盖打开后不消毒的可行性。方法取软包装输液袋瓶盖完整、无松动及裂痕的软包装液体共100袋,随机分为两组,实验组50袋瓶盖不消毒立即直接贴上瓶口贴,对照组50袋瓶盖用安尔碘消毒后立即贴上瓶口贴,将液体加药后放置于治疗室操作台上,并于0,15,30,120 min 4个时间段对瓶盖进行细菌采样和培养;便利抽签采样100袋软包装输液袋拉开拉扣后立即用瓶口贴贴好,分别在治疗室、病房以及使用安尔碘消毒后瓶口贴封口放置病房30 min后,观察瓶口细菌污染情况。结果输液袋贴瓶口贴后瓶盖表面无任何细菌生长;病房的输液袋瓶口细菌污染率12．12％,治疗室内瓶口无细菌生长,但两组比较差异无统计学意义（χ2＝1．56,P＞0．05）;同样放置在病房30 min的输液袋,瓶口使用安尔碘消毒后细菌污染率为8．82％,与未消毒瓶口比较差异无统计学意义（χ2＝3．82,P＞0．05）。结论软包装输液袋加药后的瓶塞是无菌的,开启瓶盖后可直接用于临床,但不建议在病房长时间放置。     

Maturation of oral feeding skills in preterm infants

AIM: Safe and successful oral feeding requires proper maturation of sucking, swallowing and respiration. We hypothesized that oral feeding difficulties result from different temporal development of the musculatures implicated in these functions. METHODS: Sixteen medically stable preterm infants (26 to 29 weeks gestation, GA) were recruited. Specific feeding skills were monitored as indirect markers for the maturational process of oral feeding musculatures: rate of milk intake (mL/min); percent milk leakage (lip seal); sucking stage, rate (#/s) and suction/expression ratio; suction amplitude (mmHg), rate and slope (mmHg/s); sucking/swallowing ratio; percent occurrence of swallows at specific phases of respiration. Coefficients of variation (COV) were used as indices of functional stability. Infants, born at 26/27- and 28/29-week GA, were at similar postmenstrual ages (PMA) when taking 1-2 and 6-8 oral feedings per day. RESULTS: Over time, feeding efficiency and several skills improved, some decreased and others remained unchanged. Differences in COVs between the two GA groups demonstrated that, despite similar oral feeding outcomes, maturation levels of certain skills differed. CONCLUSIONS: Components of sucking, swallowing, respiration and their coordinated activity matured at different times and rates. Differences in functional stability of particular outcomes confirm that maturation levels depend on infants' gestational rather than PMA.     

Evaluation of paladai cup feeding in breast-fed preterm infants compared with bottle feeding

This pilot study developed an appropriate procedure to evaluate the paladai cup compared to bottle feeding in preterm infants, using weighed napkins and video analysis to assess amount of spillage, volume consumed, time taken and physiological stability. Paladai results demonstrated increased spillage, increased feed times with more stress cues.     

对密闭式输液瓶塞消毒效果的探讨

采用不同的消毒方法，对２１０个密闭式输液瓶塞进行消毒效果观察。结果表明，单独用７５％酒精消毒瓶塞，其消毒效果不可靠。而用２．５％碘酊消毒待干，再用７５％酒精脱碘的消毒方法，其消毒效果既有效又可靠。在取治疗室配制好的液体到病房加液时，只需用７５％酒精消毒瓶塞即可