Ureteral carcinoid tumor

Most ureteral tumors are transitional cell neoplasms. Neuroendocrine tumors of the genitourinary tract are extremely rare. To our knowledge, only one ureteral carcinoid tumor has been reported before. We report a second case of ureteral carcinoid tumor found in a 70-year-old female.     

胸部类癌

本文报道了３１例胸部类癌，其中胸腺类癌１４例，支气管类癌１７例，伴有异位ＡＣＴＨ综合征者１７例。１２例患者发生转移（３９％），２４例行原发肿瘤全部或部分切除，术后放疗或化疗或两者均有者１７例，４例仅行探查并取活检，２８例经手术及病理证实。     

Clinicopathologic analysis of eight cases of pancreatic carcinoid tumors

Carcinoids of the pancreas are exceedingly rare tumors that orieinate from the enterochromaffin cells of the gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine system. According to a recent report,1 pancreatic carcinoids are found in only 0.58% (79/13 715 cases) of the entire carcinoid group. Todate, very limited information regarding the detection and diagnosis of this entity has been reported in the available literature. Although pancreatic carcinoid tumors grow.     

某区医院发热伴呼吸道症状病人临床分析

目的：探讨常见呼吸道发热疾病的临床特点及与传染性非典型肺炎(严重急性呼吸综合症，SAGS)的鉴别。方法：发热门诊诊治的以发热体温高于38℃伴呼吸道症状患者702例，对病因、临床表现、实验室检查、胸部X线、治疗及转归进行比较。结果：常见呼吸道发热患者中，急性上呼吸道感染596例占总数的85％，577病例白细胞计数不高占82％，淋巴细胞计数不降低，X线检查正常或仅有支气管炎表现。有基础肺部或全身疾病患者，虽然有发热，但往往以肺部或全身原发疾病相应症状为重要或首发表现，可有气急，体温以中度发热为主，78％病例有白细胞计数及中性比例升高。胸片除肺炎改变外，多有肺部基础疾病的表现，抗生素治疗有效；而单纯性肺炎胸部X线多表现为节段性或局灶性肺炎。这部分病例也以发热为主要或首发症状，一般表现为咳嗽、咳痰，气急少见，易与SARS混淆。结论：临床呼吸道发热疾病以急性上呼吸道感染最多见，容易忽略，要注意筛查。单纯性肺炎与SARS的鉴别，应结合流行病史、治疗反应及实验室检查结果进行。     

Carcinoid tumors and inflammatory bowel disease.

Three cases are described in which carcinoid tumors arose in previously established inflammatory bowel disease: two were in the ileum in cases of Crohn's disease, and one was in the rectum in a case of ulcerative colitis. Review of this association in the literature suggests that it may be more than fortuitous.     

胸腺类癌外科治疗的长期结果

目的探讨胸腺类癌的临床表现,分类与预后的关系,以及手术方式及术后辅助治疗特点,以提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院1980年1月至2006年1月18例胸腺类癌的外科治疗和随诊结果。开胸探查活检2例,姑息性切除2例,完整切除14例,包括2例上腔静脉系统切除移植人工血管。采用寿命表法计算生存率,用Cox单因素回归模型分析胸腺类癌预后的影响因素。结果2例行开胸探查患者分别于术后1年和2年死亡;2例姑息性切除术后患者症状暂时缓解;完整切除患者除1例合并柯兴综合征术后2周死于败血症,其余13例术后完全恢复,随诊5个月至15年良好。全组3年、5年、10年生存率分别为72.6%、60.5%和40.3%。经Cox单因素分析结果:纵隔淋巴结转移(P=0.047)、病理类型(P=0.000)、手术方式(P=0.000)和术后综合治疗(P=0.018)是影响预后的因素。结论胸腺类癌不同于胸腺瘤、胸腺癌,临床诊断困难;病理学分典型和不典型胸腺类癌,两者临床表现和预后明显不同。不典型类癌恶性程度高,切除后容易复发和转移,预后较差。彻底切除肿瘤以及受侵的组织和器官,可以明显提高长期生存率。术后放疗、化疗有一定辅助作用。     

Gastrointestinal manifestations of type 1 neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen''s disease)

Gastrointestinal involvement in von Recklinghausen's disease occurs in three principal forms: hyperplasia of the submucosal and myenteric nerve plexuses and mucosal ganglioneuromatosis which leads to disordered gut motility; gastrointestinal stromal tumours showing varying degrees of neural or smooth muscle differentiation; and a distinctive glandular, somatostatin-rich carcinoid of the periampullary region of the duodenum that contains psammoma bodies and which may be associated with phaeochromocytoma. This review describes the histopathological features of these lesions and discusses potential pitfalls in their differential diagnosis. Their accurate identification has significant implications for clinical management and may even provide the first pointer to the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis.     

胃肠道类癌临床病理与免疫组织化学研究

应用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法，对５２例胃肠道类癌进行８种多肽／胺类神经内分泌激素、２ 种上皮细胞性标记物的研究。结果：胃肠原位激素胰多肽、生长抑素、蛙皮素、胃泌素、五羟色胺较多 表达于组织形态分化好的类型。血管活性肽的表达随肿瘤组织形态分化降低而上升显著（１５．０％、 ２５．０％、５８．３％、Ｐ＜０．０５），并与肿瘤的浸润和转移有关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。异位激素降钙素的表达主要分 布于肿瘤组织形态分化较低的类型（２０．０％、５０．０％、６６．７％、Ｐ＜０．０５）。癌胚抗原的表达随肿瘤组 织形态分化的降低呈大幅度上升（１０．０％、５５．０％、８３．３％、Ｐ＜０．００１），且与肿瘤的浸润有关（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）；神经特异性烯醇化酶与角蛋白的表达与组织分化无相关性。提示应用多种抗原标记对胃肠 道类癌的良恶性判断很有帮助。     

Atypical respiratory pathogens

The main atypical pathogens in respiratory tract infections are classified on the basis of their ability to cause atypical pneumonia. This is not a well-defined clinical entity, and it is evident that atypical pathogens can sometimes cause 'typical' pneumonias and vice versa. This emphasizes the need for microbiological diagnosis, since it affects the selection of proper treatment, in which β-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides are not effective. Moreover, mixed infections caused by atypical and typical pathogens together are common. At this moment rapid and sensitive diagnostic methods are lacking. Besides numerous viruses, the main bacterial pathogens causing atypical pneumonias are Mycoplasma pneumoniae , two chlamydia species. Chlamydia pneumoniae and C. psittaci , one rickettsia, Coxiella burnetti , and several Legionella species. The majority of these pathogens cause upper respiratory tract infections more often than overt pneumonias. An atypical agent, Chlamydia pneumoniae , has also been associated with chronic inflammatory conditions in the cardiovascular system. The most recently discovered pathogen in atypical pneumonias is a hantavirus causing hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.     

The role of beta-catenin, TGF beta 3, NGF2, FGF2, IGFR2, and BMP4 in the pathogenesis of mesenteric sclerosis and angiopathy in midgut carcinoids

A subset of midgut carcinoids (MCs) result in mesenteric angiopathy (MA) and bowel infarction as a consequence of vascular compression caused by extensive mesenteric sclerosis (MS). The goal of this study was to determine whether the level of expression of several fibrosing-related growth factors was related to the finding of MA and/or MS in MCs. Eighteen cases of MC, 6 with both extensive MS and MA (group I), 5 with extensive MS only (group II), and 7 with ordinary MS only (group III), were analyzed for immunoexpression of beta-catenin, transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF beta 2), nerve growth factor 2 (NGF2), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), insulin growth factor receptor (IGFR), and bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. Standard immunohistochemical technique was used following antigen retrieval. Immunostaining was scored semiquantitively as the product of the percentage and intensity (0 to 2+) of the immunostaining, giving a possible range of 0 to 200. One-way analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney nonparametric analyses were used for statistical analysis. The mean scores of immunoreactivity of each factor in groups I, II, and III were as follows: 135, 174, and 147 for beta-catenin (cytoplasmic reactivity only); 106, 112, and 92 for TGF beta 3; 1.67, 32, and 36 for NGF-2; 2.5, 48, and 55 for FGF-2; 19, 112, and 66 for IGFR2; 140, 45, and 52 for BMP4. There were significant differences in NGF-2 immunoreactivity between groups I and III (P = 0.0023) and in BMP4 immunoreactivity between groups I and II (P = 0.017) and groups I and III (P = 0.022). All MCs expressed high levels of membranous beta-catenin, moderate levels of TGF beta 3 and IGFR2, and low levels of FGF-2, with no significant differences seen among the groups. MCs with prominent MS and MA (group I) expressed significantly higher BMP4 than those in groups II and III, suggesting a potential role of BMP4 in the pathogenesis of MA. The level of NGF-2 expression was significantly lower in group I than in group III, possibly indicating abnormal angiogenesis in the formation of angiopathy.