Importance of serum phosphate in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND Metabolic disturbances including changes in serum calcium,magnesium or phosphate(P) influence the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM).We assessed the importance of serum P in elderly patients with type 2 DM vs nondiabetes mellitus(non-DM) in relation to renal function.AIM To determine the association between serum P and serum glucose or insulin resistance in diabetic and non-diabetic patients.METHODS One hundred-ten subjects with a mean age of 69.02±14.3 years were enrolled.Twenty-nine of the participants had type 2 DM(26.4%).The incidence of hypertension,smoking and receiving vitamin D(vitD) derivates were recorded.The participants were classified by both estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) and albuminuria categories according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes 2012 criteria.RESULTS We divided the patients in two groups according to the P cut-off point related to DM value.A comparison between high and low P showed that body mass index30.2±6.3 vs 28.1±4.6(P=0.04),mean glucose 63.6 vs 50.2(P=0.03),uric acid 6.7±1.6 vs 6.09±1.7(P=0.05),mean intact-parathyroid hormone 68.06 vs 47.4(P=0.001),systolic blood pressure 147.4±16.7 vs 140..2±16.1(P=0.02),mean albuminuria 63.2 vs 50.6(P=0.04) and eGFR 45.6±22.1 vs 55.4±21.5(P=0.02)were significantly different.χ~2 tests showed a significant association between high P and DM,hypertension,receiving vitD,smoking and eGFR stage(χ~2=6.3,P=0.01,χ~2=3.9,P=0.03,χ~2=6.9,P=0.009,χ~2=7.04,P=0.01 and χ~2=7.36,P=0.04,respectively).The adjusted model showed that older age,female gender and increased body mass index were significant predictors of type 2 DM when entering the covariates.CONCLUSION High serum P contributes to vascular and metabolic disturbances in elderly patients with type 2 DM and renal impairment.     

Effect of interleukin-8 on glomerular sulfated compounds and albuminuria

To evaluate the effect of interleukin-8 (IL8) on glomerular basement membrane (GBM) sulfated compounds and albuminuria, we infused IL8 in 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 5 days into the left renal artery of Holtzman male rats at the rate of 10 μl/h using an osmotic pump. Control rats received 1% BSA. A significant increase in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was seen on the last day of IL8 infusion (0.38±0.11, mean ± SEM) when compared with albumin/creatinine ratio prior to infusion (0.19±0.04, P = 0.04). No significant differences in urinary albumin excretion prior to and after infusion of 1% BSA were observed. On the last day of infusion, rats were injected with ³⁵sulfate (1.0 mCi/200 g body weight) intraperitoneally and killed after 8 h. Glomeruli were isolated and GBM obtained. After 5 days of IL8 administration, there was a significant increase in ³⁵sulfate uptake by GBM of the infused kidney (76±10 cpm/dry glomerular weight, mean ± SEM) compared with the uptake seen in the contralateral kidney (53±9, P = 0.05). The in vivo infusion of IL8 increased the ³⁵sulfate uptake by GBM and augmented the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, suggesting that IL8 may induce albuminuria by altering the metabolism of the GBM sulfated compounds. This hypothesis needs to be confirmed by studies on glomerular charge selectivity and GBM anionic sites during the course of the infusion. Moreover, the persistence of the effect needs to be evaluated by prolonging the infusion for more than 5 days. Received June 3, 1996; received in revised form and accepted October 18, 1996     

糖尿病血管内皮损害标志物的检测及其与尿白蛋白的关系

目的　对比观察2型糖尿病(DM)及糖尿病肾病(DN)患者血管内皮损害标志物,分析其与白蛋白尿相关性。方法　6 8例2型糖尿病患者根据尿白蛋白排泄率分为正常白蛋白尿组(Ⅰ组)和微量白蛋白尿组(Ⅱ组) ,同时以健康成人作为对照组(Ⅲ组) ,分别检测其循环内皮细胞(CEC)、vonWillebrand因子(vWF)、内皮素- 1 (ET - 1 )的变化,并分析其相关性。结果　DM患者CEC、vWF和ET - 1明显增高,尤其是DN组(P <0 .0 5 ) ,各指标间以及与尿白蛋白排泄呈正相关。结论　2型DM患者在出现白蛋白尿前已存在血管内皮功能异常,其白蛋白排泄与血管内皮功能障碍程度有一定相关性。     

Measurement of albumin and low molecular weight proteins in the urine of newborn infants using a cotton wool ball collection method

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the inter-relationship between urinary excretion of alpha-1-microglobulin (AIM), retinol-binding protein (RBP) and albumin in term and premature neonates, with urine collected into cotton wool balls and extracted by a novel method. Subjects and methods : Sixty-four infants were studied on the first day of life; 26 had been born at term (37–42 weeks gestation) and 38 prematurely (24–28 weeks n = 16, 29–36 weeks n = 22). Urine collected into cotton wool balls was analysed following a new detergent extraction method, which resulted in a recovery rate of 94–107% for albumin, AIM, RBP and creatinine. Results : Urinary protein excretion, expressed as a ratio to urinary creatinine, decreased significantly with increasing gestational age (24–28 weeks, 29–36 weeks, 37–42 weeks: albuminxreatinine ratio mg/mmol mean 96.9, 31.7, 19.3; AIM: creatinine ratio mg/mmol mean 99.3, 37.0, 7.8; RBP: creatinine ratio mg/mmol mean 16.2, 3.8, and <0.01, below the limit of detection, respectively). When results were corrected for birthweight, this gestation-associated effect was still present for A1M and RBP, but not for albumin. In premature infants there was a significant positive correlation between AIM: creatinine ratio and RBP: creatinine ratio ( r = 0.85), and also between albumin and both AIM and RBP ( r = 0.82 and 0.77). Conclusion : Increased excretion of AIM, RBP and albumin at earlier gestational ages is probably due to proximal tubular immaturity, although tubular damage and also glomerular dysfunction cannot be excluded as possible explanations.     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血管内皮生长因子检测及意义

目的 探讨糖尿病肾病（DN）患者血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平变化.方法 用酶联免疫法测定60例糖尿病肾病组（DN组）、65例糖尿病非肾病组（NDN组）患者和40例正常对照组血浆中血VEGF、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）及尿微量白蛋白（UmALB）的水平.结果 DN组和NDN组患者VEGF、HbA1c及UmALB水平均明显高于正常对照组（P＜0.01）;DN组VEGF、HbA1c及UmALB明显高于NDN组（P＜0.01）;两组糖尿病患者血浆VEGF与HbA1c、UmALB水平呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）.结论 糖尿病患者血浆VEGF明显升高,可能参与DN的发生和发展过程.     

GAS6 intron 8 c.834 + 7G > A gene polymorphism in diabetic nephropathy

Abstract

Background - Aim: In animal experiments, growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) protein plays a key role in the development of mesangial cell and glomerular hypertrophy in the early phase of diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy is prevented by warfarin-induced inhibition of GAS6 protein. It was shown that GAS6 intron 8 c.834?+?7G?>?A polymorphism is protective against type 2 diabetes mellitus, and AA genotype is associated with higher blood levels of GAS6 protein. Our aim is to investigate whether this polymorphism is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: Eighty-seven patients with diabetic nephropathy were compared with 66 non-diabetic controls in terms of GAS6 intron 8 c.834?+?7G?>?A polymorphism. Patients with history of stroke, ischemic heart disease were excluded. Each patient was examined by the ophthalmologist to determine diabetic retinopathy. Results: Frequency of GG, GA and AA genotypes are similar in diabetic nephropathy and control groups according to GAS6 intron 8 c.834?+?7G?>?A polymorphism (p?=?0.837). Rate of diabetic retinopathy was 54.02%. In the subgroup analysis, GA genotype was significantly more frequent than GG genotype in patients with diabetic retinopathy when compared to without diabetic retinopathy (p?=?0.010). Conclusion: In our study, GAS6 intron 8 c.834?+?7G?>?A polymorphism was not associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, heterozygous state of this polymorphism may be a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetic nephropathy.     

Assessment of cardiovascular risk and social framework of Cape Verdean university students studying in Portugal

Introduction

The migration of African populations to Europe poses problems of adaptation that may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. We assessed the cardiovascular risk of Cape Verdean university students studying in Portugal (CV-PT) compared to Cape Verdean university students in Cape Verde (CV-CV) and to Caucasian university students in Portugal (PT-PT).

痛风伴微量白蛋白尿患者胰岛素抵抗与红细胞膜胰岛素受体的关系

目的 探讨痛风伴微量白蛋白尿患者胰岛素抵抗与红细胞膜胰岛素受体的关系。方法 观察106例痛风患者，按是否合并微量白蛋白尿（MAU），将其分为MAU组和正常MAU组（NMAU），测定空腹、餐后2h血糖、胰岛素及空腹血脂、血尿酸（UA），并检测高、低亲和力红细胞膜胰岛素受体数目（R1、R2）和高、低亲和力常数（K1、K2），分析痛风伴MAU患者胰岛素抵抗与红细胞膜胰岛素受体的关系。结果 MAU组空腹胰岛素（FINS）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-c）及胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR），分别为：（16±4）mU／L、（2．5±0．6）mmol／L、（3．2±0．5）mmol／L和3．6±1．2，正常MAU组分别为（13±3）mU／L、（2．3±0．8）mmol／L、（3．0±0．5）mmol／L及3．0±0．4，上述指标两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。痛风患者合并MAU红细胞膜胰岛素受体数目（R1）较正常MAU组明显减少，两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。痛风患者合并MAU的Pearson相关分析结果示：HOMA—IR与年龄、体重指数（BMI）、TG、LDL—c、UA、UAER呈正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），与R1、R2、K1、K2呈负相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。多元线性逐步回归分析提示BMI、年龄、R1是影响痛风合并MAU患者胰岛素抵抗的独立危险因素。结论 痛风合并MAU时存在胰岛素抵抗，且与红细胞膜胰岛素受体数目减少密切相关。     

The Effect of Calcium Channel Blockers on Moderate or Severe Albuminuria in Diabetic,Hypertensive Patients

ObjectivesInhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system are recommended for the management of albuminuria in patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, but there is little consensus about alternative therapies. Calcium channel blockers are recommended for the management of hypertension, but the data are controversial regarding their role in patients with albuminuria. This review was designed to assess the efficacy of calcium channel blockers compared with inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system in decreasing albuminuria in diabetic, hypertensive patients with nephropathy.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov for records that compared calcium channel blockers to inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and reported pre- and postintervention albuminuria measurements. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts for randomized, controlled trials in adults. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to select 29 trials from 855 records. We synthesized the data through a random-effects model.ResultsWe analyzed data from 2113 trial participants with hypertension and diabetes mellitus who had the equivalent of ≥30 mg/day of urinary albumin excretion. Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system were more effective than calcium channel blockers in decreasing albuminuria (standardized difference in means ?0.442; confidence interval, ?0.660 to ?0.225; P < .001). This finding was independent of the blood pressure response to treatment. There was no difference between the 2 drug classes regarding markers of renal function.ConclusionsInhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system are superior to calcium channel blockers for the reduction of albuminuria in nephropathy due to hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The net clinical benefit, however, is small.     

Obesity as a predictive factor for chronic kidney disease in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the main chronic diseases affecting the world population due to its high prevalence and increasing morbidity. Similarly, obesity gained the interest of the scientific community as it directly or indirectly increases mortality from cardiovascular causes, and its prevalence characterizes a pandemic. The objective of this study was to investigate obesity measured by body mass index as a predictor for end-stage renal disease in the general adult population. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out by searching 10 databases for prospective or retrospective cohort studies, with no restrictions on the language of publication, including adults with obesity without previous renal disease and who evolved to CKD (diagnosed by estimated glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL&mac_middot;min^-1&mac_middot;(1.73 m²)^-1 over the follow-up period. The R software and Meta package were used for data analysis. After removing duplicates, 5431 studies were submitted to the steps of the systematic review, and 21 articles were included in the data analysis. In total, 3,504,303 patients, 521,216 with obesity, and an average follow-up time of 9.86 years were included. The relative risk of obese people for developing CKD in the random effects model was 1.81 (95%CI: 1.52-2.16). The evidence found in this meta-analysis confirmed that obese people are at higher risk of developing CKD that the non-obese population (1.81 times higher), with obesity being a priority risk factor in preventive actions.