脑血管介入治疗患者穿刺点压迫方法的研究进展

综述了脑血管介入术穿刺点压迫方法（包括人工压迫、弹力带加压、压迫器加压、血管闭合装置压迫、止血敷料压迫、气囊加压6种）、止血压力以及压迫时间，提出由于穿刺点和压迫方法的不同，其压迫时间、减压时间和压力大小等需要进一步探讨，为脑血管介入术后患者穿刺点的临床护理提供参考。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎应用一次性湿热交换器的预防效果研究

目的:研究分析应用一次性湿热交换器预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果。方法:选取重度颅脑外伤住院患者90例,全部患者均构建人工气道,以随机数字法将其划分成研究组与对照组,两组患者例数均为45例,研究组患者应用一次性湿热交换器,对照组患者应用常规湿化,对比分析两组患者1 h后气道内平均温度、湿化满意度、多重耐药菌感染率以及呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。结果:和对照组相比较,研究组1 h后气道内平均温度(26.2±1.3℃)和湿化满意度(93.3%)均比较高,同时多重耐药菌感染率(4.4%)和呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率(2.2%)少,组间数据比较差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:经研究结果的分析可知,对于机械通气患者应用一次性湿热交换器,可预防和减少呼吸机相关性肺炎和多重耐药菌感染的的发生,同时还可提高患者湿化满意度,有利于治疗效果和预后的改善,值得应用与推广。     

52例非机械通气人工气道患者气道湿化的护理体会

目的总结52例带有人工气道患者非机械通气时气道湿化的护理体会。方法持续气道加温湿化;充分补充水分,保证液体平衡;加强基础护理及心理护理;严密观察病情,准确评估湿化效果。结果 52例患者中有3例出现湿化过度,改为间断湿化。均无气道阻塞、出血、痰痂形成,湿化效果满意。结论对非机械通气人工气道患者气道湿化时采取正确的护理方法,可提高湿化效果,避免并发症的发生。     

遥控骨水泥自动推进器辅助下经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折

[目的]探讨遥控骨水泥自动推进器在PVP治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎椎体压缩性骨折中的作用和疗效。[方法]对66例骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者行单节段椎体成形术,根据骨水泥推注方式不同分为3组:间断手动组(A组)、持续手动组(B组)、遥控推注组(C组),每组22例。采用视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)评价所有患者手术前后腰背痛程度,记录手术时间、骨水泥推注期的辐射时间和医患双方的辐射剂量、骨水泥推注剂量。[结果]三组间术前及术后VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05);各组术后的VAS评分均较术前明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.001)。各组间的手术时间、辐射时间及患者的辐射剂量比较,A组明显B、C组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);B、C组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。骨水泥注射量A组B、C组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),B、C组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术者的辐射剂量比较,B组明显A、C组(P0.001),A、C组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。共出现12例骨水泥渗漏(发生率18.18%),其中A组6例,B组4例,C组2例,其他并发症在术中和随访过程中未发现。[结论]在新型远程遥控骨水泥自动推注系统的辅助下,行椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的疗效与传统手术相同。节省了手术时间,术者可得到最大限度的辐射防护,同时有利于防止骨水泥渗漏。     

经鼻高流量氧气湿化治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并呼吸衰竭的可行性研究

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of transnasal heated humidified high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) with respiratory failure in elderly patients. MethodsA total of 176 elderly patients with AECOPD complicated with respiratory failure who were hospitalized at Peking University Shougang Hospital from December 2016 to January 2022 were enrolled, including 82 patients in an HFNC group and 94 patients in an NPPV group. After treatment, pulse oxygen saturation (SPO₂), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), oxygenation index (OI), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), comfort score, discharge rate, rate of endotracheal intubation, rate of transfer to intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality were compared between the two groups. The independent sample t-test was used for comparison between the two groups. Statistical data are expressed in percentage or number of cases and the χ² test was used for their comparisons. ResultsThe SPO₂ values at 30 min, 1 h, and 6 h were significantly higher in the HFNC group than in the NPPV group (t=-2.049,-2.618, and -3.314, P=0.043, 0.010, and 0.001, respectively). SPO₂ before discharge was significantly lower than that of the NPPV group (t=2.162, P=0.033), but OI at each time point and before discharge had no statistical significance (P＞0.05). MAP at 6 h was significantly higher in the HFNC group than in the NPPV group (t=-2.209, P=0.029), but within the normal range. HRs at 2 h and 3 h in the HFNC group were significantly higher than those of the NPPV group (t=-2.199 and -2.336, P=0.030 and 0.021, respectively). There were no significant differences in RR, HR, or MAP between the two groups at other time points and before discharge (P＞0.05). There was no significant difference in PaCO2 between the two groups (P＞0.05). Comfort score in the HFNC group was significantly higher than that of the NPPV group (t=-46.807, P＜0.001). There were no significant differences in discharge rate, ICU transfer rate, endotracheal intubation rate, and mortality between the two groups (P＞0.05). ConclusionHFNC is as effective as NPPV in treating elderly patients with AECOPD complicated with type Ⅰ or mild type Ⅱ respiratory failure, and HFNC is more comfortable than NPPV.     

一种新型悬吊牵引装置在肘关节松解术后促进快优康复的影响分析

目的：探讨一种新型悬吊牵引装置在肘关节松解术后促进康复的疗效及意义。方法：将97例肘关节松解术患者根据住院尾号单双数随机分为术后使用悬吊牵引装置组及传统模式组。术后24h、72h、出院当天分别比较两组患肢肿胀情况，术后72h、出院当天、1个月、6个月分别比较两组患者肘关节屈伸活动度，术后1个月、3个月、6个月分别比较两组患者肘关节Mayo评分及生活质量评分。结果：两组患者术后72h和出院当天肿胀程度有显著性差异，两组患者出院当天、术后1个月肘关节屈伸活动度有差异，术后6个月时活动度无差异。两组患者术后1个月时mayo评分及生活质量评分有显著性差异，术后3个月时Mayo评分仍存在差异，术后6个月时Mayo评分及生活质量评分均无显著性差异。结论：今后对于肘关节松解术患者的临床护理中，可在术后为患者常规采用新型悬吊牵引装置，促进消肿，缓解疼痛，从而减少患者痛苦，短时间内增加肘关节屈伸活动范围，提高功能锻炼效果，达到快优康复的目的。     

磁锚定技术辅助腹腔镜阑尾切除术的实验研究

目的:验证自行设计加工的磁锚定装置在减戳孔腹腔镜阑尾切除术中应用的可行性。方法:设计加工适用于辅助减戳孔腹腔镜阑尾切除术的磁锚定装置,该装置包括内置抓钳和锚定磁体2个部分。以6只健康雄性Beagle犬为模型,用磁锚定装置代替传统腹腔镜阑尾切除术中的副操作孔抓钳,经主操作孔置入磁锚定内置抓钳并钳夹于阑尾尖部,体外放置锚定磁体,锚定磁体与内置抓钳的靶磁体相吸,移动锚定磁体即可改变内置抓钳的牵拉方向,从而有效牵拉暴露手术术野,完成减戳孔腹腔镜阑尾切除手术。记录手术操作时间、术中出血量,评价利用磁锚定装置进行阑尾切除时操作的安全性和可行性。结果:6只Beagle犬均顺利完成磁锚定技术辅助减戳孔腹腔镜阑尾切除,手术时间27~38 min,出血量均小于10 ml,术后实验犬状态良好,未出现并发症。结论:磁锚定装置用于减戳孔腹腔镜阑尾切除手术操作简单、安全可行,在相关设计进一步优化基础上,可尝试或试验性用于临床。     

高流量吸氧与面罩吸氧在胸腔镜辅助食管癌根治术后氧疗效果对比

目的观察高流量湿化吸氧与常规面罩吸氧在食管癌患者行胸腔镜辅助食管癌根治术后治疗的临床效果。方法将36例择期行胸腔镜辅助下食管癌根治术后患者随机分为常规面罩吸氧对照组(A组)和高流量湿化吸氧治疗组(B组),对两组患者治疗2 h、6 h和24 h后的呼吸频率、动脉血气分析等指标进行比较,了解两种吸氧方式在食管癌患者行胸腔镜辅助食管癌根治术后治疗上的优劣。结果两组患者治疗2 h、6 h和24 h的呼吸频率、动脉血气分析发现,A组动脉氧饱和度、动脉血氧分压较B组降低,动脉血二氧化碳分压、呼吸频率较B组增高,两组比较差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。结论与常规面罩吸氧比较,高流量湿化面罩吸氧可以使胸腔镜辅助食管癌根治术后患者有更满意的氧合效果,值得在临床上推广。