呼吸机相关性肺炎的护理

明确呼吸机相关性肺炎的诊断标准,探讨为降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生而采取护理措施,预防是控制和减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生的关键,是降低死亡率的最重要措施.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎应用一次性湿热交换器的预防效果研究

目的:研究分析应用一次性湿热交换器预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果。方法:选取重度颅脑外伤住院患者90例,全部患者均构建人工气道,以随机数字法将其划分成研究组与对照组,两组患者例数均为45例,研究组患者应用一次性湿热交换器,对照组患者应用常规湿化,对比分析两组患者1 h后气道内平均温度、湿化满意度、多重耐药菌感染率以及呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。结果:和对照组相比较,研究组1 h后气道内平均温度(26.2±1.3℃)和湿化满意度(93.3%)均比较高,同时多重耐药菌感染率(4.4%)和呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率(2.2%)少,组间数据比较差异显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:经研究结果的分析可知,对于机械通气患者应用一次性湿热交换器,可预防和减少呼吸机相关性肺炎和多重耐药菌感染的的发生,同时还可提高患者湿化满意度,有利于治疗效果和预后的改善,值得应用与推广。     

52例非机械通气人工气道患者气道湿化的护理体会

目的总结52例带有人工气道患者非机械通气时气道湿化的护理体会。方法持续气道加温湿化;充分补充水分,保证液体平衡;加强基础护理及心理护理;严密观察病情,准确评估湿化效果。结果 52例患者中有3例出现湿化过度,改为间断湿化。均无气道阻塞、出血、痰痂形成,湿化效果满意。结论对非机械通气人工气道患者气道湿化时采取正确的护理方法,可提高湿化效果,避免并发症的发生。     

囊上吸引联合洗必泰口腔护理在预防呼吸机相关性肺炎中的应用

目的探讨气囊上方负压吸引和使用洗必泰口腔护理预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果。方法将使用呼吸机患者随机分成两组,其中观察组病人使用囊上气管插管联合洗必泰进行口腔护理。对照组病人使用普通气管插管并使用生理盐水进行口腔护理。比较哪组病人VAP发生率低。结果使用囊上气管插管进行间断声门下吸引联合使用洗必泰进行口腔护理的患者VAP发生率较使用普通气管插管,生理盐水进行口腔护理的患者低。结论在使用呼吸机患者中除了应用有效的抗生素,严格无菌操作,严格遵守消毒隔离制度外,使用囊上气管插管,进行间断声门下吸引联合使用洗必泰进行口腔护理能有效降低VAP的发生。     

血必净注射液对呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响

目的:观察血必净注射液对呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的影响,探索较单用抗菌药物更有效的治疗方法。方法:选择2006-2013年我院老年病科VAP 51例。治疗组26例在应用抗菌药物基础上给予血必净注射液静脉滴注。对照组25例单用抗菌药物治疗。结果:治疗组的VAP总有效率65.38%,对照组为44.00%,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。治疗组抗菌药物平均使用时间8天,对照组抗菌药物平均使用时间10天,两组比较差异显著(P<0.05)。治疗期间未发现治疗组有明显副作用,包括皮肤过敏、出血等。结论:抗菌药物联合血必净注射液治疗VAP疗效肯定,有效缩短了抗菌药物的使用时间,减少了抗菌药物用量,值得临床推广。     

PICU患儿发生VAP的高危因素分析

目的研究儿科重症监护病房(PICU)患儿发生呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的高危因素。方法回顾性分析收治的333例PICU患儿临床资料,根据患儿是否发生VAP分为VAP组50例和非VAP组283例,采用单因素和多因素Logistics回归分析探究导致PICU患儿发生VAP的高危因素。结果两组出生体重、插管次数、机械通气时间、早期使用抗生素、ICU住院时间及吸痰次数比较有明显差异(P<0.05);经口插管、插管次数、机械通气时间、早期使用抗生素及吸痰次数是导致PICU患儿发生VAP的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论经口插管、插管次数、机械通气时间、早期使用抗生素及吸痰次数是导致PICU患儿发生VAP的独立危险因素,临床应加以重视。     

经鼻高流量氧气湿化治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并呼吸衰竭的可行性研究

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of transnasal heated humidified high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) with respiratory failure in elderly patients. MethodsA total of 176 elderly patients with AECOPD complicated with respiratory failure who were hospitalized at Peking University Shougang Hospital from December 2016 to January 2022 were enrolled, including 82 patients in an HFNC group and 94 patients in an NPPV group. After treatment, pulse oxygen saturation (SPO₂), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), oxygenation index (OI), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), comfort score, discharge rate, rate of endotracheal intubation, rate of transfer to intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality were compared between the two groups. The independent sample t-test was used for comparison between the two groups. Statistical data are expressed in percentage or number of cases and the χ² test was used for their comparisons. ResultsThe SPO₂ values at 30 min, 1 h, and 6 h were significantly higher in the HFNC group than in the NPPV group (t=-2.049,-2.618, and -3.314, P=0.043, 0.010, and 0.001, respectively). SPO₂ before discharge was significantly lower than that of the NPPV group (t=2.162, P=0.033), but OI at each time point and before discharge had no statistical significance (P＞0.05). MAP at 6 h was significantly higher in the HFNC group than in the NPPV group (t=-2.209, P=0.029), but within the normal range. HRs at 2 h and 3 h in the HFNC group were significantly higher than those of the NPPV group (t=-2.199 and -2.336, P=0.030 and 0.021, respectively). There were no significant differences in RR, HR, or MAP between the two groups at other time points and before discharge (P＞0.05). There was no significant difference in PaCO2 between the two groups (P＞0.05). Comfort score in the HFNC group was significantly higher than that of the NPPV group (t=-46.807, P＜0.001). There were no significant differences in discharge rate, ICU transfer rate, endotracheal intubation rate, and mortality between the two groups (P＞0.05). ConclusionHFNC is as effective as NPPV in treating elderly patients with AECOPD complicated with type Ⅰ or mild type Ⅱ respiratory failure, and HFNC is more comfortable than NPPV.