Corrective Taxes and Cigarette Characteristics

If cigarette design was exogenous, inefficiencies arising from smoking could be addressed either with a tax per packet or with an ad valorem tax. However, it is well known that the consequences of these two instruments differ when product characteristics are endogenous. We consider three such characteristics: nicotine, tar, and flavor. Implementation of the first‐best social optimum typically requires the capacity to tax or regulate harmful ingredients. Without such a capacity, the next‐best policy often combines a per‐unit tax on cigarettes with an ad valorem subsidy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

龈下残根修复前正畸治疗五例

目的　对损坏至龈缘下 1 5～ 3 5mm的前牙牙根在修复前行正畸牵引 ,当损坏平齐龈缘时再桩冠修复的方法进行探讨。方法　 3例外伤、2例根面龋的患者 ,共 6个牙根接受完善根管治疗 ,修复前正畸暴露损坏 ,电刀修整牙龈 ,然后桩冠修复。结果　 5例患者在修复后均取得了较满意的效果。结论　若前牙牙根损坏位于龈下釉牙骨质交界处 ,在修复前进行正畸治疗 ,既可保留残根 ,又可制作出有较好功能和美观效果的修复体     

综合矫正训练方案联合中药熏蒸治疗上交叉综合征疗效观察

<正>上交叉综合征(upper crossed syndrome,UCS)是指因上半身长期处于不良姿势,造成相关肌群功能失衡,进而引起颈肩背部疼痛不适、胸闷、睡眠障碍等一系列不良症状的一种亚健康状态^[1]。UCS常见的体态是圆肩、驼背、头前倾^[2]。目前临床上主要通过纠正局部的肌肉失衡来治疗UCS,常用的方法有运动疗法、肌肉能量技术、针灸和推拿等^[3]。     

Case report: a novel surgical approach to obstructed hemiuterus: sonographically guided hysteroscopic correction

Unilateral obstruction of a duplicate uterus is very rare. The current recommendation for its correction involves transmural incision of the uterine muscle. A method is presented here that was successfully applied in one patient suffering from this anomaly, using sonographically guided hysteroscopy. This method obviated the need for an extensive operation.     

上颌中切牙倒置埋伏阻生不同术式的正畸治疗

目的 探讨上颌中切牙倒置埋伏阻生的矫治方法。方法 6对11例倒置阻生的上中切牙,先行开窗术式与翻瓣术式显露牙冠,然后在U型保护罩的运行下用固定正畸技术进行矫治。结果 翻瓣术式后固定矫正器经12－18个月,开窗术式后固定矫正器8－12个月使倒置埋伏阻生牙进入牙弓排齐。结论 倒置埋伏阻生的上颌中切牙,通过手术和正畸技术,完全能排入正常牙列,不需排除。     

低强度激光照射加速正畸牙移动的效果

目的探讨低强度激光(LEL)照射对正畸牙移动的影响。方法采用LEL对36例错雅合畸形矫治病人右侧上颌尖牙进行照射,每日1次,每次15 min,共照射5次,左侧为对照侧。利用计算机图像分析仪于牙移动后7、14和21 d时,分别在石膏模型上测量尖牙远中移动距离,并进行统计学分析。结果实验侧牙齿移动距离均大于对照侧(t=2.176~3.190,P<0.05)。结论LEL照射能有效地促进正畸牙齿移动。     

Evaluation of the analytical performance of endocrine analytes using sigma metrics

Background(a) To evaluate the clinical performance of endocrine analytes using the sigma metrics (σ) model. (b) To redesign quality control strategies for performance improvement.MethodsThe sigma values of the analytes were initially evaluated based on the allowable total error (TEa), bias, and coefficient of variation (CV) at QC materials level 1 and 2 in March 2018. And then, the normalized QC performance decision charts, personalized QC rules, quality goal index (QGI) analysis, and root causes analysis (RCA) were performed based on the sigma values of the analytes. Finally, the sigma values were re‐evaluated in September 2018 after a series of targeted corrective actions.ResultsBased on the initial sigma values, two analytes (FT3 and TSH) with σ > 6, only needed one QC rule (1_3S) with N2 and R500 for QC management. On the other hand, seven analytes (FT4, TT4, CROT, E2, PRL, TESTO, and INS) with σ < 4 at one QC material level or both needed multiple rules (1_3S/2_2S/R_4S/4_1S/10_X) with N6 and R10‐500 depending on different sigma values for QC management. Subsequently, detailed and comprehensive RCA and timely corrective actions were performed on all the analytes base on the QGI analysis. Compared with the initial sigma values, the re‐evaluated sigma metrics of all the analytes increased significantly.ConclusionsIt was demonstrated that the combination of sigma metrics, QGI analysis, and RCA provided a useful evaluation system for the analytical performance of endocrine analytes.     

成人正畸治疗与颞下颌关节紊乱病的MRI研究

目的 探讨成人正畸治疗与颞下颌关节紊乱病(temporomandibular disorder TMD)的关系,为预防和治疗TMD提供参考.方法 选择60例20 ～ 29岁成年正畸患者,用Helkimo指数将患者分为TMJ无症状组(44例)、TMJ有症状组(16例),分别于治疗前(t1)、治疗中(t2)、治疗后(t3),用MRI检查TMJ关节盘的位置,并用电子测量尺测量TMJ前、后间隙,观察颞下颌关节在治疗前后的变化情况与TMD间的关系.结果 治疗中TMJ无症状组、TMJ有症状组分别有8、9例患者发生TMD,两组TMD发生比例差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗前后两组均发现关节盘移位;两组治疗前后TMJ各间隙线距发生改变,但两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 成人正畸治疗不会导致TMD,但治疗过程中可诱发TMD症状,并有出现TMD重度症状的风险.在成人正畸治疗前对TMJ进行评估有重要意义.     

Endoscopically assisted tunnel approach for minimally invasive corticotomies: a preliminary report

Background: The dental community has expressed low acceptance of traditional corticotomy techniques for corticotomy‐facilitated orthodontics. These procedures are time consuming, entail substantial postoperative morbidity and periodontal risks, and are often perceived as highly invasive. Methods: A total of 114 interdental sites were treated in nine consecutive patients. Under local anesthesia, a tunnel approach requiring one to three vertical incisions per arch (depending on the targeted teeth) was used. Piezosurgical corticotomies and elective bone augmentation procedures were performed under endoscopic assistance. Postoperative cone‐beam computerized tomography evaluation was used to confirm adequate corticotomy depth. Results: Procedures were completed in a mean time of 26 minutes. Follow‐up evaluations revealed no loss of tooth vitality, no changes in periodontal probing depth, good preservation of the papillae, and no gingival recession. No evidence of crestal bone height reduction or apical root resorption was detected. Conclusions: The tunnel approach minimizes soft‐tissue debridement and permits effective cortical cuts. The combination of piezosurgery technique with endoscopic assistance provides a quick, reliable means to design and perform these corticotomies while maximizing root integrity preservation. Moreover, the sites needing bone augmentation are selected under direct vision. Compared to traditional corticotomies, this procedure has manifest advantages in surgical time, technical complexity, patient morbidity, and periodontium preservation.