非确定性人工气道湿化法降低脑卒中舌后坠患者肺部感染的效果研究

目的探讨脑卒中舌后坠患者非确定性人工气道(口咽通气道下)湿化的方法及临床应用效果。方法选择应用口咽通气道的脑卒中舌后坠呼吸困难患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,观察组采取经口咽通气道内径孔道持续湿化法;对照组应用五官科喉头喷雾器间歇湿化法。观察两组患者痰液湿化效果、吸痰次数、痰痂的形成、气道黏膜损伤以及肺部感染情况。结果湿化第3、7天观察组痰液湿化效果满意率优于对照组、肺部感染率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);湿化第7天观察组痰痂的形成、气道黏膜的损伤低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);湿化第3、7天观察组吸痰次数明显低于对照组,差异有明显统计学意义(P0.01)。结论脑卒中舌后坠患者采用非确定性人工气道持续湿化法,湿化效果满意,可减少吸痰次数、痰痂的形成以及气道黏膜的损伤,有效降低患者肺部感染的发生率。     

Pierre Robin序列征的研究进展

Pierre Robin序列征(PRS)是一组病因复杂,临床表现多样的先天性发育畸形,其特征为下颌骨发育不全(小颌畸形或颌后缩)、舌后坠及其所致的上气道梗阻,常伴发腭裂.新生儿期常表现为呼吸及喂养困难、吸入性肺炎,部分患儿还伴发其他畸形.临床上如发现小下颌、舌后坠及其所致的上气道梗阻等典型表现时即可做出PRS的诊断.因PRS与许多多发畸形综合征密切相关,故治疗必须采取个体化的原则以获得最好的疗效.多数PRS患儿有不同程度的生长发育落后,它的预后根据其是否为多发畸形的一部分还是单独存在,有无经历过因上气道梗阻所致的脑部缺氧缺血,有很大的区别.     

Efficacy of I- gel™ for airway management of neonates with Pierre Robin sequence undergoing glossopexy: A prospective study

This paper aims to review the utility of I- gel as a successful airway management device for infants with Pierre robin sequence (PRS) undergoing glossopexy. A prospective study was conducted on PRS neonates. The algorithm followed was putting a ‘Tongue traction stitch’ followed by the following sequence – two trials with direct laryngoscope intubation, two attempts with fiberoptic endoscope intubation followed by insertion of I-gel? to manage difficult airway during glossopexy procedure. 6 patients were intubated with direct laryngoscope, 12 patients were intubated with fibreoptic endoscope and the rest 13 patients were intubated using I-gel?. Successful management of difficult airway was achieved with this airway management protocol during glossopexy and nil postoperative complications were encountered. Within the limitations of the study it seems that, I-gel? is a relevant alternative toprovide a reliable and secure airway access to carry out glossopexy procedure in such patients.     

Retrograde nasal intubation via the cleft in Pierre-Robin Sequence neonates: A case series

Pierre-Robin Sequence, the triad of glossoptosis, micrognathia and cleft palate, provides a challenge in airway management both in and out of the operating room. Transnasal intubation is greatly preferred during its surgical intervention for maximum oral exposure in these very small patients without the added encumbrance of an oral endotracheal tube. From 2001 to 2009, three neonates with Pierre-Robin Sequence who underwent surgery to improve their airway had a novel method of securing a transnasal airway performed in the operating theater. After successful placement of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) and subsequent endotracheal intubation via the LMA, this technique was used to convert from an oral to a nasal intubation. After the LMA is removed, a smaller endotracheal tube is placed into the nose and out of the mouth via the cleft in each of these patients. This smaller tube is then telescoped into the larger one and secured with suture. Both tubes are subsequently backed out of the nose in a retrograde fashion and disarticulated so that the now transnasal endotracheal tube can be re-connected to the anesthesia circuit. This case series highlights a rapid technique utilizing the patient's congenital defect for securing a transnasal airway alternative to that of transnasal fiberoptic intubation in Pierre-Robin Sequence neonates.     

Pierre Robin sequence: appearances and 25 years of experience with an innovative treatment protocol

Purpose

The aim of the study was to evaluate the largest number of Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) cases to date and its treatment outcome.

Design

This is a retrospective study.

Settings

The study was conducted in a tertiary care university hospital.

Patients

One hundred eighty-eight patients with PRS have been subjected to analysis, defined by the clinical triad of glossoptosis, retro/micrognathia, and cleft or agenesis of the palate, for incidence, risk factors, associated syndromes, other concomitant abnormalities, airway and feeding difficulties, and outcome regarding the neonatal and perinatal surgical and nonsurgical management.

Results

The incidence of PRS was 6.02%. Risk factors were found in 41.5% of mothers with children with PRS. Eleven other syndromes/appearances were associated. Feeding difficulties were seen in 51.8% of the patients. Glossopexy (6.9%) and tracheotomy (2.13%) for airway management were performed very seldom. The suction and drinking plate as well as the surgical treatment protocol may be considered to be the reasons for reduced airway (up to 91.0%), feeding problems (up to 79.9%), and mortality rate (2.1%).

Conclusion

The Pierre Robin sequence, as seen as a heterogeneous group, presents with variation of the cleft palate defects with glossoptosis and concomitant micrognathic mandible. The surgical management and certain prepalatal intervention as nonsurgical management with an innovative treatment strategy were evaluated.     

Pierre Robin sequence from orthodontic and surgical perspective

Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate that results in an obstruction of the airway on inspiration and impeding feeding. The tongue of infants with PRS fall back toward the posterior pharyngeal wall (glossoptosis) due to receding chin produced by mandibular micrognathia (small jaw) or retrognathia. This causes a serious condition with potentially severe, life-threatening airway obstruction. If untreated, this problem can lead to exhaustion, cardiac failure, and ultimately death, especially during the early months of life. Actually, in the majority of PRS infants, these symptoms can be managed by placing the infant in the prone position until adequate growth of the jaw occurs. If this type of treatment fails, the infant then should be considered for other conservative therapies or surgical interventions. This paper reviews surgical interventions such as tongue-lip adhesion, mandibular traction, mandibular distraction, tracheotomy and conservative orthodontic approaches, and presents a baby treated successfully with an orthodontic appliance.