电针对大鼠丘脑腹后外侧核痛反应神经元放电的影响

在大鼠丘脑腹后外侧核(VPL)中可同时记录到对躯体和内脏伤害性刺激起反应的痛兴奋神经元(PEN)和痛抑制神经元(PIN)。注射吗啡和电针“足三里”穴能使VPL中PEN电活动减弱,PIN电活动加强。这表明,VPL通过其中的PEN和PIN同时电活动参与对疼痛和吗啡及电针镇痛的调制作用。     

Amygdaloid control over interspecies and shock-induced aggression in the rat (author's transl)]

The effect of lateral amygdala or stria terminalis lesions on two different kinds of aggressive behavior have been studied in the rat. The lateral amygdala lesion does not change the non-killing rat's behavior towards mice; but it markedly reduces the shock-induced intraspecific aggression, without changing the flinch and jump thresholds to the electric shocks. A bilateral interruption of the stria terminalis elicits aggressive reactions in previously non killing rats. This initiation of mouse killing behavior is clearly facilitated through a prior food deprivation for 3 days. The interruption of the stria terminalis changes neither the shock induced aggression, nor the response thresholds. As the stria is the main efferent pathway of the cortico-medial nuclei of the amygdala, these results are in accordance with previous conclusions that tentatively localized in this part of the amygdala an essential component of a mechanism which inhibits muricide behavior in the non killing rat, probably through interactions with the olfactory input. This system is largely independent of amygdaloid structures which facilitate shock-induced intraspecific aggression.     

The effects of voluntary contraction effort on quadriceps femoris electromyogram median frequency in humans: a muscle and sex comparison

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of voluntary contraction efforts on the median frequency (f _med) of the electromyogram (EMG) recorded from the quadriceps femoris muscle in healthy men and women. A group of 30 healthy volunteers (15 men, 15 women) were assessed for EMG activity of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and rectus femoris (RF) muscles during isometric contractions with the knee at 60° flexion. Subjects performed a series of 5 s maximal voluntary isometric contractions that anchored the perceptual range with a "10" on a 10-point scale. Sub-maximal isometric contractions were then separately performed at the following perceived effort levels on the 10-point scale: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, in a random order. Subjects were instructed to maintain the contraction at each perceived level of effort for 5 s. The f _med of the three muscles was assessed using a power spectrum analysis performed over 11 consecutive, 512 ms, epochs overlapping each other by half their length during the middle 3 s of each contraction. The f _med for each of the 11 epochs was then determined for each muscle, followed by calculation of the means and normalized coefficients of variation [(standard deviation/mean)×100%] for each contraction. The results demonstrated that the mean f _med of VL was significantly greater than those of the other two muscles, and that f _med of RF was significantly greater than that of VM. The VL muscle demonstrated a significant increase in mean f _med across the contraction efforts, compared to the VM and RF muscles that displayed a significant decrease. The men displayed significantly higher f _med values for the VM muscle than did the women, as well as showing a significantly greater increase across the contraction efforts for the VL muscle. The variability of f _med was shown to be significantly higher for the VM muscle, compared to the VL and RF muscles. The findings of this study suggest that the f _med statistic is most sensitive to contraction intensity efforts for the VL muscle, and that men display significantly higher values for the VL and VM muscles, compared to women. Electronic Publication     

Localization of substance P- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in relation to catecholamine-containing cell bodies in the cat dorsolateral pontine tegmentum: an immunofluorescence study

The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-, substance P- and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons in the cat dorsolateral pons was studied using the indirect immunofluorescence method of Coons. To allow for the visualization of substance P- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cell bodies, colchicine was injected either in the ventricular space or in the cerebral tissue. The distribution of the tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cell bodies corresponded with the well-known distribution of catecholamine cells in this area of the brain. The observation of adjacent sections treated separately with tyrosine hydroxylase- and enkephalin-antiserum revealed that most catecholaminergic cells contain enkephalin-immunoreactivity. In addition to this catecholamine-enkephalin cell population, a moderate number of substance P-immunoreactive cell bodies was found in dorsolateral pons. The peribrachial nuclei were found to be densely supplied with substance P- and enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers, whereas the medial subdivisions, which contain the majority of the catecholamine cells in the dorsolateral pons, display a moderate number of immunoreactive fibers. These results are suggestive of interactions between peptide-containing and catecholaminergic neurons and also between-peptide-containing and non-catecholamine-containing neurons in the cat dorsolateral pons.     

Effects of unilateral electrical stimulation of various thalamic nuclei on the release of dopamine from dendrites and nerve terminals of neurons of the two nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways

The role of several motor and intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the regulation of dopamine release from terminals and dendrites of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons was investigated in halothane-anaesthetized cats. For this purpose, the effects of the unilateral electrical stimulation of various thalamic nuclei on the release of newly synthesized [3H]dopamine were simultaneously determined in both substantiae nigrae and caudate nuclei using the push-pull cannula method. The electrical stimulation of the motor nuclei was the only one to induce asymmetric changes in the four structures since [3H]dopamine release was enhanced in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus and reduced in the contralateral structure while opposite responses were observed in the corresponding substantiae nigrae. A reduction of [3H]dopamine release occurred in the four structures or only in the contralateral substantia nigra and caudate nucleus following the stimulation of the parafascicularis nucleus and the adjacent posterior part of the nucleus centrum medianum or of the nucleus centralis lateralis and the adjacent paralaminar part of the nucleus medialis dorsalis, respectively. The stimulation of the anterior part of the nucleus centrum medianum, which in contrast to other thalamic nuclei examined, receives few nigral inputs, selectively enhanced [3H]dopamine release in the contralateral substantia nigra. No significant changes in [3H]dopamine release were seen either in the substantiae nigrae or in the caudate nuclei following the stimulation of midline thalamic nuclei. These results indicate that the motor and intralaminar thalamic nuclei exert multiple and selective influences on the release of dopamine from terminals and/or dendrites of the dopaminergic neurons. They also further support a role of thalamic nuclei in the transfer of information from one substantia nigra to the contralateral dopaminergic neurons. The possible involvement of connections between paired thalamic nuclei was underlined by the observations of evoked potentials in contralateral homologous nuclei following unilateral stimulation of motor, or some intralaminar, nuclei. The present report provides new insights on the mechanisms contributing to the reciprocal and/or bilateral regulations of nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways.     

Effects of knee joint angles and fatigue on the neuromuscular control of vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscle in humans

The effects of different knee joint angles and fatigue on the neuromuscular control of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles were investigated in 17 (11 men, 6 women) young subjects. The electromyogram (EMG) activities and the force generation capacities were monitored before and after a fatigue protocol at three different knee joint angles, 90°, 150°, 175° of knee extension, on three occasions. In response to randomly triggered light signals, the subjects performed three isometric maximal voluntary contraction (IMVC) that lasted for 4 to 8 s. This was then followed by the fatigue protocol which consisted of six bursts of contractions fixed at 30 s on and 10 s off. Immediately after the exercise to fatigue, the subjects performed another three IMVC in response to the light signals. Repeated measures ANOVA were performed to examine the effects of fatigue at these three positions on the electromechanical delay (EMD), median frequency (f _med), peak force (F _peak) and root mean square (rms)-EMG:F _peak quotient of VMO and VL. The results revealed a significant effect of the three knee joint angles on the EMD before the fatigue (P < 0.05). The fatigue protocol induced a significant decrease in F _peak at all the three positions (P < 0.01). However, the fatigue induced a significant decrease of f _med at only 90° and 150° of knee extension (P < 0.01). This occurred in parallel with the lengthening of EMD at these two joint angles (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). The effects of fatigue on the f _med and EMD were not significant between VMO and VL at all three angles. The insignificant difference in f _med and EMD between VMO and VL at the three knee positions before and after fatigue indicated that no preferential onset activation between VMO and VL had occurred. Accepted: 1 September 2000     

Quadriceps-hamstring EMG activity during functional, closed kinetic chain exercise to fatigue

It has been hypothesized that the ability of the neuromuscular system to co-contract muscles for joint stabilization may be impaired during the development of fatigue. The purpose of this study was to examine muscle activation of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles during a prolonged closed kinetic chain exercise, the forward lunge. Eight males and two females [mean (SD) age 26.0 (2.3) years, height 177.2 (13.6) cm, body mass 82.8 (17.1) kg] with no prior knee pathology volunteered for this study. Subjects performed repeated forward lunges onto their dominant leg at the cadence of one full lunge cycle every 2 s, until the point of volitional failure. Digital switches were positioned to record foot-strike and knee-strike of the lunge leg at the midpoint of the lunge, as well as heel-strike upon return to stance. During the lunge performance, surface electromyographic (EMG) signals of the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles of the supporting leg were measured. Heart rate was also monitored every 30 s during the performance. All EMG data were full-wave rectified, partitioned into up and down phases, and integrated over the entire exercise period. The results demonstrated a significant increase in activation of the VL, VM, and BF during performance of the forward lunge to volitional failure (P < 0.05). No significant increase was shown for the ST. Heart rate increased significantly over the course of the lunge. These findings suggest that activation of the VL, VM, and BF muscles occurs as a unit during performance of the forward lunge during both concentric and eccentric lunge phases. Accepted: 25 October 1999     

The laminar distribution of cortical connections with the tecto- and cortico-recipient zones in the cat's lateral posterior nucleus

The anterograde and retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin congugated to horseradish peroxidase was used to examine the laminar organization of cortical connections with the two visual zones that comprise the cat's lateral posterior nucleus. Microelectrophoretic deposits of the tracer into the principal tecto-recipient zone in the medial division of the lateral posterior nucleus revealed reciprocal connections with the following cortical fields: areas 19 and 21a, the medial and lateral banks of the middle suprasylvian sulcus, and the dorsal and ventral banks of the lateral suprasylvian sulcus, which correspond to the dorsal lateral suprasylvian and ventral lateral suprasylvian visual areas of Palmer et al. [(1978) Brain Res. 177, 237-256] and an area in the fundus of the posterior suprasylvian sulcus. In each of these cortical areas two distinct populations of cells were labeled, small pyramidal neurons in layer VI and large pyramidal cells in layer V. Overlying these backfilled cells were two bands of anterograde label, a narrow strip in layer I and a wide band centered in layer IV. Deposits of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase confined to the striate-recipient zone in the lateral portion of the lateral posterior nucleus resulted in cortical label in areas 17, 18, 19, 20a and b, 21a, the medial and lateral banks of the middle suprasylvian sulcus, the posterior suprasylvian sulcus and in the fundus of the splenial sulcus. In all cortical areas other than 17 and 18, the laminar distribution of label was the same as that found after deposits of the tracer into the medial division of the lateral posterior nucleus. In contrast, areas 17 and 18 contained backfilled cells that were confined to layer V and anterograde label that was restricted to layer I. These findings indicate that the cortical areas that receive a direct projection from the A laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus maintain a distinct laminar organization of reciprocal connections with the extrageniculate visual thalamus. Conversely, all other visual areas of the cortex share a common pattern of reciprocal connections with both the tecto- and striate-recipient zones of the lateral posterior nucleus.     

Effects of nigral application of muscimol on release of [3H]γ-aminobutyrate and on multi-unit activity in various cat thalamic nuclei

The release of [³H]γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) neosynthesized from [³H]glutamine was estimated in one substantia nigra and in the ipsilateral thalamus of halothane-anesthetized cats by perfusing a [³H]glutamine-enriched physiological medium through a push-pull cannula implanted in the two structures under investigation. After two hours of superfusion, muscimol (10^?6 M) was delivered through the nigral push-pull cannula for 50–60 min and local- and distal-evoked changes of [³H]GABA release were analyzed. In some experiments, changes of global neuronal activity induced by muscimol application were recorded in different thalamic nuclei, using a bipolar electrode. In a few of the above experiments, biochemical and electrophysiological determinations were simultaneously performed in the substantia nigra and the thalamus. The nigral application of muscimol (10^?6 M) induced locally an activation of the substantia nigra reticulata cells, as well as an increase in release of [³H]GABA.Distally, in the thalamus, two types of biochemical and electrophysiological responses were observed according to the localization of the tip of the push-pull cannula or the electrode. (1) An increased release of [³H]GABA and a depression of the global multi-unit cellular activity were obtained in the ventralis medialis-ventralis lateralis, the centralis lateralis and the paracentralis nuclei. These effects could reflect an activation of the GABAergic nigrothalamic neurons projecting to these different thalamic nuclei. (2) In contrast, in the medialis dorsalis paralamellar zone adjacent to the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, a decrease of [³H]GABA release and an activation of the multi-unit activity were obtained. These latter results may suggest either a polysynaptic response or the non-GABAergic nature of the nigrothalamic neurons afferent to the medialis dorsalis paralamellar zone.     

带血管蒂阔筋膜张肌及腱膜转位修补巨型腹股沟疝的应用解剖

目的:为带血管蒂阔筋膜张肌及腱膜转位修补巨型腹股沟疝提供解剖学基础。方法:在30例成人下肢标本上解剖观测了阔筋膜张肌的动脉血管分布,神经支配,肌腹和肌腱的长度等。结果:阔筋膜张肌动脉来源有旋股外侧动脉和臀上动脉,该肌由臀上神经支配,肌腹长度为112.31±3.13mm,髂经束的长度为315±6.8mm,额前上棘水平至腹肌外侧缘的距离,男性为168±7.5mm,女性为176±6.8mm。结论:阔筋膜张肌血供丰富,肌腱膜长,位置邻近腹股沟区,可作为巨型腹股沟疝修补的供体。