寰枢椎后路二种内固定技术的三维稳定性评价

目的:对比寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定系统与枢椎椎弓根螺钉联合寰椎椎板钩固定系统的生物力学稳定性,为临床应用提供实验依据。方法:新鲜颈椎标本6例,损伤齿突基底部,建立寰枢椎失稳模型,在脊柱三维运动实验机上先测量失稳寰枢椎的三维运动范围,再在失稳模型上对每具标本进行两种内固定:C1椎弓根螺钉 C2椎弓根螺钉的钉棒内固定系统,C1椎板钩 C2椎弓根螺钉的钉棒钩内固定系统,测量二种不同固定方法的寰枢椎三维运动范围,比较两种状态下的寰枢椎稳定状况。结果:C1椎弓根螺钉 C2椎弓根螺钉的钉棒内固定与C1椎板钩 C2椎弓根螺钉的前屈、后伸、左右侧屈无显著性差异,左右旋转C1椎弓根螺钉组优于C1椎板钩组。结论:两种寰枢固定方法:C1椎弓根螺钉 C2椎弓根螺钉固定系统在抗左右旋转方面较C1椎板钩 C2椎弓根螺钉固定系统的稳定性优越,临床上应优先选择C1、C2椎弓根螺钉固定方法,当C1椎弓根过于细小时可选用C1椎板钩 C2椎弓根螺钉的固定技术。     

The effect of automated landmark identification on morphometric analyses

Morphometric analysis of anatomical landmarks allows researchers to identify specific morphological differences between natural populations or experimental groups, but manually identifying landmarks is time‐consuming. We compare manually and automatically generated adult mouse skull landmarks and subsequent morphometric analyses to elucidate how switching from manual to automated landmarking will impact morphometric analysis results for large mouse (Mus musculus) samples (n = 1205) that represent a wide range of ‘normal’ phenotypic variation (62 genotypes). Other studies have suggested that the use of automated landmarking methods is feasible, but this study is the first to compare the utility of current automated approaches to manual landmarking for a large dataset that allows the quantification of intra‐ and inter‐strain variation. With this unique sample, we investigated how switching to a non‐linear image registration‐based automated landmarking method impacts estimated differences in genotype mean shape and shape variance‐covariance structure. In addition, we tested whether an initial registration of specimen images to genotype‐specific averages improves automatic landmark identification accuracy. Our results indicated that automated landmark placement was significantly different than manual landmark placement but that estimated skull shape covariation was correlated across methods. The addition of a preliminary genotype‐specific registration step as part of a two‐level procedure did not substantially improve on the accuracy of one‐level automatic landmark placement. The landmarks with the lowest automatic landmark accuracy are found in locations with poor image registration alignment. The most serious outliers within morphometric analysis of automated landmarks displayed instances of stochastic image registration error that are likely representative of errors common when applying image registration methods to micro‐computed tomography datasets that were initially collected with manual landmarking in mind. Additional efforts during specimen preparation and image acquisition can help reduce the number of registration errors and improve registration results. A reduction in skull shape variance estimates were noted for automated landmarking methods compared with manual landmarking. This partially reflects an underestimation of more extreme genotype shapes and loss of biological signal, but largely represents the fact that automated methods do not suffer from intra‐observer landmarking error. For appropriate samples and research questions, our image registration‐based automated landmarking method can eliminate the time required for manual landmarking and have a similar power to identify shape differences between inbred mouse genotypes.     

Standard atlas space for C57BL/6J neonatal mouse brain

A standard atlas space with stereotaxic co-ordinates for the postnatal day 0 (P0) C57BL/6J mouse brain was constructed from the average of eight individual co-registered MR image volumes. Accuracy of registration and morphometric variations in structures between subjects were analyzed statistically. We also applied this atlas coordinate system to data acquired using different imaging protocols as well as to a high-resolution histological atlas obtained from separate animals. Mapping accuracy in the atlas space was examined to determine the applicability of this atlas framework. The results show that the atlas space defined here provides a stable framework for image registration for P0 normal mouse brains. With an appropriate feature-based co-registration strategy, the probability atlas can also provide an accurate anatomical map for images acquired using invasive imaging methods. The atlas templates and the probability map of the anatomical labels are available at .     

Matching of digitised brain atlas to magnetic resonance images

A method has been developed to match a standard digitised brain atlas onto MR images for identification of cerebral structures in anatomical images. This method uses, first, a three-dimensional crude registration based on the proportional system of Talairach. Then, a two-dimensional refined registration is performed using a deformation function based on a set of homologous landmarks on both images (MR and atlas). Displacements vectors are computed between each corresponding landmark. These vectors are interpolated by thin-plate splines, generating an unwarping function defined on the whole image. This function can then be applied on any structure of the atlas. An evaluation of the matching procedure has been performed. First, the influence of the choice of the landmarks has been evaluated for the fine registration method. The latter has been then compared to the crude registration method considered as a classical reference method. These results show the advantages of the fine registration approach.     

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase-immunohistochemistry in the cat lower brainstem and midbrain

By indirect immunohistochemistry, the present study examined the distribution of neuronal structures in the cat medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, showing immunoreactivity to aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), which catalyzes the conversion of L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin (5HT). With simultaneous and serial double immunostaining techniques, immunoreactivity to this enzyme was demonstrated in most of the catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons. We could also demonstrate AADC-IR cell bodies that do not contain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-) or 5HT-immunoreactivity (called "D-type cells") outside such monoaminergic cell systems. At the medullo-spinal junction, very small D-type cells were found within and beneath the ependymal layer of the 10th area of Rexed surrounding the central canal. D-type cells were localized in the caudal reticular formation, nucleus of the solitary tract, a dorsal aspect of the lateral parabrachial nucleus, and pretectal areas as have been reported in the rat. Furthermore, the present study describes, in the cat brainstem, new additional D-type cell groups that have not been reported in the rat. Dense or loose clusters of D-type cells were localized in the external edge of the laminar trigeminal nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, external cuneate nucleus, nucleus praepositus hypoglossi, central, pontine, and periaqueductal gray, superficial layer of the superior colliculus, and area medial to the retroflexus. D-type cells were loosely clustered in the lateral part of the central tegmental field dorsal to the substantia nigra, extending dorsally in the medial division of the posterior complex of the thalamus and medial side of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. They extended farther rostrodorsally along the medial side of the nucleus limitans and joined with the pretectal cell group. Almost all these cells were very small and ovoid to round with 1-2 short processes with the exception of dorsal motor vagal cells. AADC-IR axons were clearly identified in the vagal efferent nerves, longitudinal medullary pathway, dorsal tegmental bundle rostral to the locus coeruleus. Serotonergic axons were identified not only in the central tegmentum field and lateral side of the central superior nucleus, but also in the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata. We describe principal densely stained fiber plexuses in the cat brainstem. The findings of the present study provide a morphological basis for neurons that decarboxylate endogenous and exogenous L-DOPA, 5HTP, and other aromatic L-amino acids.     

230例舌象图谱中舌色诊断结果分析

[目的]通过10名中医师对230例舌图中舌色诊断结果的分析,探讨并分析不同中医师对观察结果一致性的影响.[方法]让10名中医师在自然光线下,对舌色较为典型、印刷质量较高的230副舌图进行观察并填写舌色观察表,判断结果一致率采用百分比表示.[结果]从舌色诊断结果的分析看出：1）舌诊具体内容丰富,观察结果离散性较大,舌象的复杂性与模糊性使传统的望舌方法难以客观地描述某一舌象.2）不同的中医师因为其视觉生理、知识水平,经验以及语言习惯等因素影响,对同一舌图有不同的判断结果,这样难以准确地判断舌象.[结论]中医需要寻求更客观的方式来诠释舌色的内容,从而减少因为各种原因引起的舌色判别结果的不一致性.所以在传统辨舌的基础上,建立标准舌色样本库以及自动识别系统有重要意义和价值.     

THE STUDY APPLIED ON BA IN PATIENTS WITH EPILEPSY

目的：探讨脑电地形图在癫癎病人中的应用价值。方法：脑电地形图在132例原发性癫癎和18例继发性癫癎病人中被检查了。结果：在这些病人中脑电地形图的改变是明显的。结论：脑电地形图在癫癎诊断和鉴别诊断中有重要的应用价值。     

Nucleus of the solitary tract in the C57BL/6J mouse: Subnuclear parcellation,chorda tympani nerve projections,and brainstem connections

The nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) processes gustatory and related somatosensory information rostrally and general viscerosensory information caudally. To compare its connections with those of other rodents, this study in the C57BL/6J mouse provides a subnuclear cytoarchitectonic parcellation (Nissl stain) of the NST into rostral, intermediate, and caudal divisions. Subnuclei are further characterized by NADPH staining and P2X₂ immunoreactivity (IR). Cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) labeling revealed those NST subnuclei receiving chorda tympani nerve (CT) afferents, those connecting with the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and reticular formation (RF), and those interconnecting NST subnuclei. CT terminals are densest in the rostral central (RC) and medial (M) subnuclei; less dense in the rostral lateral (RL) subnucleus; and sparse in the ventral (V), ventral lateral (VL), and central lateral (CL) subnuclei. CTb injection into the PBN retrogradely labels cells in the aforementioned subnuclei; RC and M providing the largest source of PBN projection neurons. Pontine efferent axons terminate mainly in V and rostral medial (RM) subnuclei. CTb injection into the medullary RF labels cells and axonal endings predominantly in V at rostral and intermediate NST levels. Small CTb injections within the NST label extensive projections from the rostral division to caudal subnuclei. Projections from the caudal division primarily interconnect subnuclei confined to the caudal division of the NST; they also connect with the area postrema. P2X₂‐IR identifies probable vagal nerve terminals in the central (Ce) subnucleus in the intermediate/caudal NST. Ce also shows intense NADPH staining and does not project to the PBN. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1565–1596, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

3D model of frequency representation in the cochlear nucleus of the CBA/J mouse

The relationship between structure and function is an invaluable context with which to explore biological mechanisms of normal and dysfunctional hearing. The systematic and topographic representation of frequency originates at the cochlea, and is retained throughout much of the central auditory system. The cochlear nucleus (CN), which initiates all ascending auditory pathways, represents an essential link for understanding frequency organization. A model of the CN that maps frequency representation in 3D would facilitate investigations of possible frequency specializations and pathologic changes that disturb frequency organization. Toward this goal, we reconstructed in 3D the trajectories of labeled auditory nerve (AN) fibers following multiunit recordings and dye injections in the anteroventral CN of the CBA/J mouse. We observed that each injection produced a continuous sheet of labeled AN fibers. Individual cases were normalized to a template using 3D alignment procedures that revealed a systematic and tonotopic arrangement of AN fibers in each subdivision with a clear indication of isofrequency laminae. The combined dataset was used to mathematically derive a 3D quantitative map of frequency organization throughout the entire volume of the CN. This model, available online ( http://3D.ryugolab.com/ ), can serve as a tool for quantitatively testing hypotheses concerning frequency and location in the CN. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1510–1532, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

椎弓根内壁显露法在寰枢椎椎弓根固定中的应用

目的探讨椎弓根内壁显露在寰枢椎椎弓根固定的临床应用价值。方法通过显露寰椎椎弓根内壁和枢椎椎弓根内上壁,共置入椎弓根螺钉219枚,其中寰椎107枚,枢椎112枚。结果一次性置钉成功198枚,术后X线和CT检查螺钉均位于椎弓根内,上倾及内倾角度良好,无置钉有关的并发症。结论术中显露寰椎椎弓根内壁和枢椎椎弓根内上壁,可以提高寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉的置钉准确率,减少透视次数,减少出血量,节约手术时间,适合临床推广使用。