核磁共振法测定非离子表面活性剂 HLB 值的研究 2.几种混合体系 HLB 值的测定与计算

本文应用核磁共振法(NMR)测定了几种混合体系的 HLB 值与混合体系中各组分的 HLB 值。实验结果表明,混合体系中各组分在核磁共振图谱中的积分曲线高度也具有加和性。混合体系的 HLB 值是体系中各组分 HLB 值的加权平均值。因此,对混合体系的 HLB 值可以应用 NMR 法直接测定,也可应用 NMR 法测定各组分的 HLB值,通过计算求得,计算值与实测值完全一致。     

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the assay of 1,4-dioxane in sulphated polyoxyethylene alcohol surfactants

A rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the assay of 1,4-dioxane in ethoxylated fatty alcohol sulphates. After solid-phase extraction using Bakerbond C₁₈ cartridges, samples were directly analysed on a LiChrospher CH-8 reversed-phase column with UV detection at 200 nm and an acetonitrile-water eluent. Recovery of 1,4-dioxane from the surfactant matrix was 95.7% in the 40 to 120 μg g⁻¹ range. The minimum quantifiable amount was 18 μg g⁻¹. The procedure is simple, reproducible, specific and suitable for routine analyses of commercial surfactants.     

肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿胎粪吸入综合征的临床研究

目的探讨肺表面活性物质（ＰＳ）治疗新生儿胎粪吸入综合征（ＭＡＳ）的有效性及临床价值。方法采用气管内滴入ＰＳ治疗８例ＭＡＳ患儿，其中６例接受ＰＳ２剂，２例接受ＰＳ３剂。结果给予首剂ＰＳ后１０分钟患儿青紫迅速消失，皮肤转红润，经皮测定血氧饱和度（ＴｃＳａＯ２）升高。３０分钟后患儿低氧血症迅速改善，动脉血氧分压、动脉血氧分压与吸入氧浓度比值、动脉肺泡血氧分压比值、呼吸机有效指数较治疗前显著增高，分别由原来的５２８±０９８ｋＰａ、８６６±３５２ｋＰａ、０１２±００６ｋＰａ及０１４±００６ｍｌ·ｋＰａ－１·ｋｇ－１增加到８９１±１４３ｋＰａ、１６８１±４１８ｋＰａ、０２１±００５ｋＰａ及０２６±００７ｍｌ·ｋＰａ－１·ｋｇ－１；而吸入氧浓度及平均气道压逐渐降低，由原来的０６８±０１９ｋＰａ及２２０±０４２ｋＰａ降低到０５３±００８ｋＰａ及１９３±０４８ｋＰａ。重复应用ＰＳ后亦有相似效果。结论ＰＳ能有效地改善ＭＡＳ患儿肺顺应性及氧合功能。重复应用ＰＳ可巩固和加强疗效。     

聚氯乙烯增塑糊流变行为的研究——Ⅳ.表面活性剂的影响

本文研究了各类表面活性剂对聚氯乙烯增塑糊流变行为的影响。阴离子表面活性剂使其增塑糊有较高致流值,呈明显假塑性流动;阳离子和非离子表面活性剂使其增塑糊有低的表观粘度,接近牛顿型流动。测定了聚氯乙烯粒子表面的Zeta电位和接触角,并讨论了表面活性剂影响增塑糊流变性能的机理。     

严重肺挫伤早期肺泡灌洗液表面活性蛋白变化与肺功能及形态学改变的关系

目的探讨严重肺挫伤及缺血再灌注后早期肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中表面活性蛋白（SP）-A、B、C、D动态变化与肺功能及肺形态学改变的关系。方法75只兔随机分为对照组（A）、肺挫伤组（B）及缺血再灌注组（C）。每组均为25只。检测各组0，1，2，3，4h肺功能变化及BAIF中SP—A、B、C、D含量百分比，进行组织病理学及电镜检查。结果与A组比较，B、C组sSP—A、B、C、D含量百分比明显减少（P〈0．01）；肺功能出现明显的损害且呈持续下降（P〈0．05）；肺泡Ⅱ型细胞电镜及病理学检查呈不同程度的炎症及变性改变。结论严重肺挫伤BALF中SP—A、B、C、D动态变化与肺功能及肺组织病理学改变一致。     

Differential Effects of Anionic,Cationic, Nonionic,and Physiologic Surfactants on the Dissociation, α-Chymotryptic Degradation,and Enteral Absorption of Insulin Hexamers

Various surfactants were investigated to compare their effects on insulin dissociation, -chymotryptic degradation, and rat enteral absorption. With a circular dichroism technique, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at a 5 mM concentration was found to completely dissociate procine-zinc insulin hexamers (0.5 mg/ml) into monomers. The catalytic activity of -chymotrypsin (0.5 µM) was also abolished by 5 mM SDS. When insulin was injected into the distal jejunum/ proximal ileum segment of the rat, 5 mM SDS greatly enhanced its pharmacological availability, from a negligible value to 2.8%. Being a cationic surfactant, hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) also efficiently dissociated insulin hexamers at concentrations of 1–5 mM. However, extensive charge–charge interaction was observed below a CTAB concentration of 0.6 mM, leading to insulin precipitation at a molar CTAB:insulin ratio of 1:1 to 2:1. An -chymotryptic degradation study also revealed near-complete dissociation of insulin hexamers at 1 mM CTAB. Above 1 mM, however, CTAB acted as an enzyme inhibitor, most likely by means of charge repulsion. Enteral absorption studies showed a much lower pharmacological availability, only 0.29%. Nonionic surfactants such as Tween 80 and polyoxyethylene 9 lauryl ether were ineffective in dissociating insulin hexamers. Tween 80, at 5 mM, neither significantly altered the -chymotryptic degradation pattern nor enhanced the enteral absorption of insulin. The relative effectiveness of different species of bile salts on insulin hexamer dissociation appeared to be similar. Sodium glycocholate at a 30 mM concentration also significantly increased insulin pharmacological availability, to 2.3%. A morphological study did not reveal any significant alteration of the rat intestinal mucosal integrity after exposure to 5 mM SDS for 30 min. The results further emphasize the importance of the degree of insulin aggregation on its enteral transport.     

Solute Absorption from the Airways of the Isolated Rat Lung. II. Effect of Surfactants on Absorption of Fluorescein

To determine the effects on the pulmonary barrier of several surface active agents, a series of metered dose inhalers (MDIs) was prepared and used to dose aerosolized surfactant to the airways of isolated perfused rat lungs. The MDIs contained a range of concentrations, from 0.1 to 5.0% (w/w), of either oleic acid, oleyl alcohol, or Span 85, which released 45 µg (0.1%, w/w) to 1660 µg (5.0%, w/w) of surfactant per actuation. The permeability of the pulmonary barrier was assessed by the rate of transfer of disodium fluorescein dosed as 100 µl of aqueous solution (1 mg/ml) after administering the surfactants. Some 12.1 ± 4.7% of the recovered surfactant, per dose, was assessed to reach the pulmonary regions of the lung. All surfactants tested caused an increase in fluorescein transfer rates. A single actuation from the MDI containing 5% (w/w) oleic acid produced gross edema in all lungs tested within 40 min and the first-order half-lives of absorption were reduced almost threefold, from 12.9 ± 2.5 min for controls to 4.5 ± 0.8 min. Differences in absorption were noted between the acid and the alcohol, which is consistent with the hypothesis that both the hydrocarbon chain and the polar head group have roles in the altered permeability to fluorescein. The absorption of fluorescein when dosed from the MDI containing 5% (w/w) Span 85 was increased but all surfactants dosed from the lowest concentration MDI of 0.1% (w/w) did not alter absorption rates of the dye relative to those of controls. Results are discussed in light of current interest in absorption enhancement and the presence of surfactants in currently marketed MDIs.     

肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征30例临床分析

目的 探讨肺表面活性物质(PS)在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)治疗中的应用及其效果.方法 将60例NRDS患儿按照是否使用PS分为治疗组与对照组,分析比较其血气分析指标、吸氧时间、机械通气时间及住院时间等指标.结果 治疗6h后,治疗组血pH值(7.41±0.11)、氧分压(PaO2) (69.8±11.9)mm Hg及二氧化碳分压(PaCO2) (48.7±11.1)mm Hg等指标均优于对照组的(7.24±0.13)、(53.3±9.8)mm Hg、(59.1±12.7)mm Hg(t =3.35、2.88、3.24,均P＜0.05)；治疗组吸氧时间(98.2±29.2)h、机械通气时间(77.6±30.4)h及住院时间(12.9±1.7)d也短于对照组的(143.9±26.5)h、(121.4±22.9)h、(17.6±2.1)d(t=4.56、5.32、4.86,均P＜0.05).结论 在NRDS治疗中应用PS,有助于改善患儿通气和换气功能,缩短患儿吸氧时间及机械通气时间.     

Waterborne Polyurethane Colloids with Sensitive CO2‐Switchable Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Properties

A novel conceptual approach to gas‐responsive functionality, with the capability to tune the amphiphilic characteristics of existing waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs), via CO₂/N₂ bubbling in aqueous solution, is exploited. In this study, a series of functional WPUs are successfully prepared. These colloids exhibit high aqueous stability, excellent capability for emulsification/demulsification as a surfactant, and reversible hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase transition owing to reversible formation of carboxylic acid moieties induced by bubbling CO₂ gas. More interestingly, when carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are covalently incorporated into these WPUs, the CNT exhibits CO₂‐switchable amphiphilic behavior in a two‐phase mixture of n‐butanol (BuOH)/deionized water, forming a stable hydrophobic CNT dispersion in BuOH upon CO₂ bubbling, and reversibly reverting to the previous hydrophilic CNT dispersion in water upon N₂ bubbling. With simple preparation and switchable amphiphilic properties, these CO₂‐responsive WPUs offer a paradigm for the development of multifunctional gas‐responsive polymers.     

Introduction of amine groups on poly(ethylene) by plasma immobilization of a preadsorbed layer of decylamine hydrochloride

In order to introduce amine groups on poly(ethylene) (PE) surfaces, PE surfaces were preadsorbed with decylamine hydrochloride (DA.HCl) and subsequently treated with an argon plasma. It was shown by XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), that approximately half of the preadsorbed (mono)layer was immobilized and that a substantial part (60-70%) of the incorporated nitrogen containing groups were amine groups. The availability of the surface amine groups for reactions was investigated by applying a gas phase reaction with 4-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde and by a reductive methylation reaction in aqueous solution with ¹⁴C formaldehyde. A maximal number of reactive amine groups was found after a plasma treatment time of 2 s. The reductive methylation reaction was used to estimate the surface concentration of amine groups resulting in a typical surface concentration of 1 x 10^-6 mol/m² after a plasma treatment time of 2 s.