颞下锁孔入路的显微解剖与临床应用

目的进行颞下锁孔入路解剖学研究,探讨其临床应用价值.方法取甲醛固定的成人尸头标本15例(30侧),采用神经内镜辅助的显微外科技术进行颞下锁孔手术解剖学研究.并采用该入路手术切除8例颅内肿瘤.结果颞下锁孔入路可以充分暴露鞍上区、脚间窝、岩斜区及脑干腹外侧区的神经、血管结构;岩骨尖最大磨除面积为306mm2.肿瘤全切除7例(87.5%).结论经颞下锁孔入路能很好地处理鞍上、岩斜区、脚间窝以及脑干腹外侧区的病变.     

颞下经小脑幕手术入路的应用解剖学研究

目的:测量颞骨岩部重要骨性结构,探讨小脑幕裂孔侧血管、神经位置的关系,为颞下经小脑幕入路提供解剖学基础。方法:在15例(30侧)颅骨标本上,以弓状隆起最高点为基点测量其与破裂孔外缘、面神经管裂孔、内耳孔后缘的距离。在10例(20侧)成人尸体头部行颞下经小脑幕入路,观测小脑幕裂孔侧方区域小脑上动脉、大脑后动脉、动眼神经、滑车神经、三叉神经以及小脑幕间的关系。结果:弓状隆起最高点距破裂孔外缘(34.98±1.67)mm,距面神经管裂孔(14.67±1.74)mm,距内耳孔后缘(15.31±1.78)mm;Labbe静脉入横窦处距STP(横窦、乙状窦、岩上窦交界)(24.60±5.82)mm;滑车神经入小脑幕游离缘处距后床突后外方(15.50±3.85)mm。结论:测量弓状隆起最高点与破裂孔外缘、面神经管裂孔、内耳孔后缘的距离及观测小脑幕裂孔侧区域小脑上动脉、大脑后动脉、动眼神经、滑车神经、三叉神经的走行有利于提高颞下经小脑幕手术入路的安全性和成功率。     

Dual-Port 2D and 3D Endoscopy: Expanding the Limits of the Endonasal Approaches to Midline Skull Base Lesions with Lateral Extension

Objective To investigate a novel dual-port endonasal and subtemporal endoscopic approach targeting midline lesions with lateral extension beyond the intracavernous carotid artery anteriorly and the Dorello canal posteriorly. Methods Ten dual-port approaches were performed on five cadaveric heads. All specimens underwent an endoscopic endonasal approach from the sella to middle clivus. The endonasal port was combined with an anterior or posterior endoscopic extradural subtemporal approach. The anterior subtemporal port was placed directly above the middle third of the zygomatic arch, and the posterior port was placed at its posterior root. The extradural space was explored using two-dimensional and three-dimensional endoscopes. Results The anterior subtemporal port complemented the endonasal port with direct access to the Meckel cave, lateral sphenoid sinus, superior orbital fissure, and lateral and posterosuperior compartments of the cavernous sinus; the posterior subtemporal port enhanced access to the petrous apex. Endoscopic dissection and instrument maneuverability were feasible and performed without difficulty in both the anterior and posterior subtemporal ports. Conclusion The anterior and posterior subtemporal ports enhanced exposure and control of the region lateral to the carotid artery and Dorello canal. Dual-port neuroendoscopy is still minimally invasive yet dramatically increases surgical maneuverability while enhancing visualization and control of anatomical structures.     

颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路解剖与临床应用

目的通过神经导航下颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路的解剖和手术方案研究,探讨该入路临床应用效果。方法应用成人头颅标本12例(24侧),模拟颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路,观察暴露的岩斜区解剖结构;利用神经导航技术定位标本岩骨内部结构,最大限度磨除岩尖,观察斜坡鞍后区,上、中斜坡区等结构;利用该入路切除11例临床颅底肿瘤,探讨该入路的安全性和实用性。结果颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路可完全暴露鞍旁区,通过海绵窦外侧壁的手术三角可对累及海绵窦内外病变进行直视手术;神经导航辅助下耳蜗、内听道等结构定位准确,头颅标本岩尖磨除后耳蜗内侧缘岩尖剩余最大骨质平均厚度(0.8±0.19)mm,内侧视角较非导航入路增加(8±2.5)°,后外侧视野增加了(25±3.2)°,获得(3.3±0.4)cm2硬膜显露,明显扩大了后颅窝的暴露范围。临床病例资料肿瘤全切除6例,次全切3例,大部分切除2例,手术时间与既往相比缩短1~1.5 h,术后新增脑神经损害症状或原有脑神经损害症状加重3例,无长期昏迷及手术相关死亡病例。结论神经导航辅助下颞下经小脑幕锁孔入路,能最大程度暴露蝶岩斜区病变,有利于提高肿瘤的全切率和术后疗效。     

前颞下"锁孔"入路显微手术的临床应用

目的以"锁孔"微创的理念,改良常规颞下入路,以减少手术损伤.方法采用耳前方颧弓向上直切口4 cm,铣开2.0～2.5 cm左右直径骨窗,经颞下行海绵窦、脑干、岩斜区部位病灶的手术治疗13例.结果6例岩斜区脑膜瘤全切除4例,次全切1例,大部切除1例;脑干转移癌、颞底胶质瘤各1例均全切除,海绵窦脑膜瘤、脑桥胶质瘤各1例次全切除,脑桥病灶出血1例予AVM切除、血肿清除,海绵窦内血栓1例子全切除,大脑后动脉瘤1例予夹闭.1例术后出现脑脊液耳漏,经原入路修补后痊愈.2例岩斜区脑膜瘤切除术后遗有轻度偏瘫.结论颞下"锁孔"入路可满足岩斜区、脑桥腹、侧方及海绵窦区的手术要求,是一种行之有效的微创手术入路.     

颞下小骨窗人路显微手术临床应用

目的改良常规颢下人路,以减少手术创伤达到微创的目的。方法采用耳前1cm颧弓向上向后弧形切口,绕行耳廓上方约1cm到达乳突,铣开4cm×2cm大小骨窗,平中颅底,经颞下行中颅底部位病灶的手术治疗15例。结果9例三叉神经鞘瘤全切除8例,次全切1例。4例岩尖区天幕下脑膜瘤和2例颞底胶质瘤均全切除。结论颞下小骨窗人路可以达到常规颞下入路的效果,可以满足中颅窝后部、颞叶底面及天幕区的肿瘤切除术的要求,是一种行之有效的微创手术人路。     

108例自发性脑出血患者超早期手术治疗的体会

目的探讨自发性脑出血患者的手术疗效、治疗方式及其对预后生存质量的影响。方法108例脑内出血（幕上≥30ml、幕下≥15m1），发病6h内手术68例（62．97％），6—72h内手术30例（27．77％），72h后手术10例（9．25％）。血肿清除＋颞肌下减压（或去骨瓣）47例，血肿清除＋颞肌下减压（或去骨瓣）＋脑室外引流（尿激酶血肿溶解）16例；单纯一侧或双侧脑室穿刺引流尿激酶血肿溶解术45例。结果存活80例（74．18％），按ADL分级：Ⅰ级11例，Ⅱ级7例，Ⅲ级39例，Ⅳ级20例，Ⅴ级为3例。死亡28（25．92％）例。结论把握好手术时机，尽早手术清除血肿，能够有效缓解急性颅内压增高症状，阻断因血肿急性脑膨胀而形成的颅内高压、脑血流量下降、脑组织缺血缺氧等一系列恶性循环，是患者脑出血抢救治疗成功的关键。同时，提高手术质量，减少手术创伤，对于降低患者的死亡率、预防术后并发症、争取好的预后都具有重要意义。     

Subtemporal Transtentorial Petrosalapex Approach for Giant Petroclival Meningiomas: Analyzation and Evaluation of the Clinical Application

With the advent of microsurgery and surgical techniques, along with the improvement in neuroimaging techniques and the microanatomy in cadaver study, improvement in terms of surgical morbidity and mortality has been remarkable; however, controversy still exists regarding the optimal surgical strategies for giant petroclival meningiomas (GPMs). We report a study of clinical and radiological features as well as the surgical findings and outcomes for patients with GPM treated at our institution over the past 6 years. During a 6-year period (April 2004 to March 2010), 16 patients with GPM underwent surgery by subtemporal transtentorial petrosal apex approach during which electrophysiological monitoring of cranial nerves and brainstem function were reviewed. There were nine females and seven males with a mean age of 56.9 years (range from 32 to 78 years). The most frequent clinical manifestations were headache (93.7%) and dizziness (93.7%). Regions and directions of tumor extension include clivus, parasellar, and cavernous sinus, as well as compression of brainstem, and so on. The trochlear nerve was totally wrapped in nine cases (56.2%). The postoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score was 76.3 ± 13.1. Mean maximum diameter of the tumors on magnetic resonance imaging was 5.23 cm (range, 4.5 to 6.2 cm). Subtemporal transtentorial petrosalapex approach was performed in all 16 cases. Gross total resection was achieved in 14 cases (87.5%) and subtotal resection in 2 cases (12.5%) with no resultant mortality. Follow-up data were available for all 16 patients, with a mean follow-up period of 28.8 months (range from 4 to 69 months), of which 11 (68.75%) lived a normal life (KPS, 80–100). Our suggestion is that GPM could be completely resected by subtemporal transtentorial petrosalapex approach. The surgical strategy of GPM should be focused on survival and postoperative quality of life. Microneurosurgical technique plays a key role in tumor resection and preservation of nerve function. Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring also contributes dramatically to the preservation of the nerve function. Complete resection of the tumor should be attempted at the first operation. Any remnant is treated by radiosurgery.     

Path to the Interpeduncular Fossa: Anatomical Comparison of Endoscopic-Assisted versus Standard Subtemporal Approach

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the assumed advantage of endoscopic assistance to the standard subtemporal approach. The idea was to measure qualitatively and quantitatively visibility versus operability.Design We performed eight subtemporal dissections on four cadaver heads. Our dissections integrated an operating microscope, endoscope, and neuronavigation. Comparison was made between visibility and operability afforded by the microscope alone or by the microscope–endoscope combination. Visibility was recorded as complete or incomplete and was quantified for key structures using linear measurements taken by the navigation system. Operability was determined by whichever maneuvers could be safely and comfortably accomplished in the space afforded.Results From our survey, the structures whose visibility most benefitted from the addition of the endoscope include: contralateral third nerve, posterior perforated substance, mammillary bodies, and contralateral superior cerebellar artery. With regard to quantitative evaluation, we found increased visibility of both basilar artery and posterior cerebral artery. With regard to the operability, no objective advantage was afforded by the addition of the endoscope. Subjectively, the maneuvers were easier to perform while using the endoscope.Conclusion Using the endoscope as an assistance tool during conducting classical subtemporal approach can help in overcome a lot of the classical subtemporal approach limitations.     

Keyhole approach surgery for petroclival meningioma

Background In China, the feasibility of keyhole approach in surgical treatment of petroclival meningioma has not been well evaluated. This report summarized our experience in 25 patients with petroclival meningioma who had been treated with keyhole approach surgery. Methods From July 2000 to July 2005, 25 patients with petroclival meningioma were subjected to resection via subtemporal, retrosigmoid or combined keyhole approaches. The extent of tumor resection was evaluated by MRI 3 months after surgery, and postoperative complications were investigated. Results The maximum diameter of tumors ranged from 2 to 7 cm （mean, 4.5 cm）. Gross total resection （GTR） was achieved in 14 patients, giving a GTR rate of 56%. Subtotal resection （STR） was carried out in 8 patients and partial resection in 3. Thirteen patients kept normal neurological status, whereas others suffered from cranial nerve deficits （Ⅶ, Ⅶ, Ⅲ and lower CN）. One patient died in the postoperative period. Conclusions Keyhole approach surgery, especially the combined keyhole approach is suitable for the treatment of petroclival meningioma. It provides easy and quick access to the supra- and infratentorial juxta-clival region without drilling of the petrous bone. Complications related to the approach can be minimized.