老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病并肺诺卡菌感染9例临床分析

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病并肺诺卡菌感染患者的临床特征、影像学特点及治疗转归,提高该病的早期诊断及治疗水平。方法回顾性分析我院2014.1-2018.12收治的9例慢性阻塞性肺疾病并肺诺卡菌感染老年患者的临床资料,并进行文献复习。结果9例中男性6例,女性3例,年龄65~83岁,平均年龄73.78±6.14岁;6例长期吸入糖皮质激素,4例合并2型糖尿病;常见症状有发热、咳痰和气短,可伴咯血。常见胸部CT表现为结节、肿块影、支气管扩张、肺实变伴空洞及磨玻璃影。血气分析表现为不同程度的呼吸衰竭,5例患者应用机械通气治疗。经支气管肺泡灌洗液确诊5例,痰培养确诊3例,经皮肺穿刺活检确诊1例。确诊后分别应用磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、米诺环素、美罗培南、利奈唑胺、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、莫西沙星、依替米星、伏立康唑等抗菌药物联合治疗,3例患者死亡,6例患者好转出院。结论慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺诺卡菌感染在老年患者常为多重复杂混合感染,常见的症状为发热及咳痰,容易合并严重呼吸衰竭,病情进展快,因临床症状不典型,易漏诊及延误诊断,死亡率高。针对肺诺卡菌感染的一线治疗以磺胺甲基异恶唑为主的联合治疗,应尽早足量、足疗程,以改善患者的预后。     

Nocardiosis in tropical renal transplant recipients

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of nocardiosis in the tropics among renal transplant recipients has not been reported. METHODS: An evaluation of nocardiosis for 30 yr in one of the large transplant centres in South Asian region. RESULTS: Of the 1968 patients who received primary renal allografts at Christian Medical College & Hospital, 27 patients developed nocardiosis over 30 yr. Early nocardiosis (2 yr). Seventeen patients (63%) had two or more associated post-transplant infections, of whom 10 had tuberculosis. Mortality in these patients was associated with chronic liver disease. CONCLUSIONS: Nocardiosis manifests earlier (<2 yr) in CsA treated patients who have chronic liver disease. Among renal transplant recipients of the tropics nocardiosis is a marker of a high susceptibility to tuberculosis and other infections, the association with tuberculosis is stronger in those developing early nocardiosis (<2 yr). Chronic liver disease is a risk factor for death in patients with nocardiosis especially when associated with tuberculosis. This report constitutes the largest single centre experience among renal transplant recipients.     

A Case of Disseminated Nocardiosis Secondary to the Skin Nodules in an Elderly Woman

Nocardiosis refers to a locally invasive or disseminated infection associated with the Nocardia species. Most infections enter through the respiratory tract and then disseminate systemically. Rarely can a primary nocardial infection of the skin spread to contiguous structures or disseminate to other internal organs in immunocompromised hosts. We describe a 70-year-old woman who suffered from recurrent nodular skin lesions on her right hand, forearm and elbow following inoculation of a traumatic injury. Analysis of the purulent exudates obtained from the nodule revealed Nocardia species. After 20 days, a chest X-ray showed newly developed multiple nodules in both lungs. The diagnosis of systemic nocardiosis was established, and we treated this case with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.     

A life-threatening case of disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia brasiliensis

Nocardiosis is a rare disease caused by infection with Nocardia species, aerobic actinomycetes with a worldwide distribution. A rare life-threatening disseminated Nocardia brasiliensis infection is described in an elderly, immunocompromised patient. Microorganism was recovered from bronchial secretions and dermal lesions, and was identified using molecular assays. Prompt, timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment ensured a favorable outcome.     

3例典型诺卡菌病药物治疗的分析

目的总结诺卡菌病的药物治疗经验,提高临床药学监护水平并为临床用药提供参考。方法调查2007年7月至2010年2月广西壮族自治区人民医院2例肺诺卡菌病和1例脑诺卡菌病患者的住院用药和出院带药情况,对照《桑德福抗微生物药物治疗指南》（39版）进行评价分析。结果 3例诺卡菌病患者住院联合药物治疗效果明显好转而出院;出院后,1例患者按疗程应用磺胺治疗,1例回当地继续治疗,1例继续阿莫西林-克拉维酸钾治疗。结论 3例诺卡菌病的药物治疗方法是正确的,住院期间联合用药可以提高治疗效率,并建议在治疗过程中注意药品的不良反应。     

Cutaneous manifestations of Nocardia brasiliensis infection in Taiwan during 2002–2012—clinical studies and molecular typing of pathogen by gyrB and 16S gene sequencing

To observe the clinicopathologic and resistance profiles of the Nocardia brasiliensis causing cutaneous nocardiosis in Taiwan, 12 N. brasiliensis isolates were prospectively collected from patients with cutaneous nocardiosis in a hospital during 2002–2012. Clinicopathologic data were obtained, and isolates were identified by biochemical methods and 16S rRNA sequencing. Susceptibilities to 14 antimicrobial compounds were tested. Isolates were further genotyped by sequencing of 16S rRNA, secA1, hsp65, and gyrB genes. The nodulopustular pyoderma associated with sporotrichoid spreading was the most common skin presentations caused by N. brasiliensis. All of the isolates were susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and resistant to kanamycin, erythromycin, and oxacillin, while susceptibilities to imipenem, vancomycin, penicillin-G, tetracycline, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin varied among the 12 isolates. GyrB genotyping delineated the 12 isolates into 2 major groups, which was coincident with different single nucleotide substitutions at position 160 (G versus T) of 16S rRNA, different levels of imipenem minimum inhibition concentration (4–32 versus 0.25–0.75 mg/L), and prevalence of lymphadenitis (66.7 versus 16.7%). We have noted that tiny pustular lesions can be the first sign of cutaneous nocardiosis, which we believe has not been previously emphasized. No resistance to trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole was found; therefore, sulphonamide drugs remain effective for treatment of cutaneous nocardiosis in Taiwan.     

Two cases of nocardiosis diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology: Role of special stains

Nocardiosis, a suppurative disease caused by aerobic actinomycetes, is a common opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients. Unless, the infection is suspected, the diagnosis of Nocardia is tedious and difficult, as these are thin filamentous bacilli, which stain negatively on routine cytological stains. We present two such cases diagnosed on fine‐needle aspiration cytology and discuss the importance of performing the modified Ziehl–Neelsen stain in such cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Disseminated Nocardia farcinica infection in a patient with myasthenia gravis successfully treated by linezolid: a case report and literature review

Nocardiosis is increasingly being diagnosed because of a growing population of immunocompromised hosts and improvements in the detection of Nocardia species in clinical laboratories. Historically, sulphonamides have been the first-line therapy for the treatment of nocardiosis, but sulphonamides tend to have a high rate of drug allergy in clinical settings. In this report, we described a disseminated Nocardia farcinica infection that occurred in a patient with myasthenia gravis who suffered from multiple drug allergies and was successfully treated using linezolid. We undertook a review of the literature of previously reported cases of nocardiosis treated with linezolid. To date, only 15 cases of nocardiosis treated with linezolid have been published. All cases exhibited long-term tolerance of linezolid, and 14 of 15 cases showed either an improvement in or complete clearance of the infection. According to the literature review, linezolid is an attractive alternative to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of disseminated nocardiosis, despite limited clinical evidence to support this claim.