Le dilemme du réfugié

The experiences of trauma, displacement, and forced migration faced by refugees raise profound questions about the relationship of self and community. This article explores some ways in which the intrapsychic dynamics of refugees' suffering and remembering interact with the larger social dynamics of refugee communities and host societies. The narrative construction of the self constitutes the pivot between the realms of the social and the psychological and rests on cultural meta-narratives. In Euro-American folk psychology two of the meta-narratives or concepts of the self can be compared in terms of their root metaphors: the adamantine self, characterized by its integrity, coherence, autonomy, self-definition, self-determination and self-control; and the transactional self, characterized by its fluidity, sensitivity to context, deference to authority, multivocality, deference and yielding to or accommodating others. These two accounts of the self shape how we view people who have suffered wrenching transformations of their worlds through violence, dislocation and loss. The changes produced through the therapeutic process can be understood as the development of a form of dialogue that is at once, within and without, personal and transcendental, rooted in communal tradition and in the open confrontation of the face of the other. The ethics of storytelling has its necessary counterpart in the ethics of listening, of witnessing and taking part in the creation of community through copresence.     

Bases anatomiques de la mémoire

Résumé Les données cliniques et anatomo-pathologiques ont permis de suggérer le rôle du circuit hippocampo-mamillo-thalamique dans certains processus mnésiques. Récemment des critiques ont été apportées mettant en cause le rôle même de ce circuit et impliquant d'autres formations: hile du lobe temporal; noyau médio-dorsal du thalamus, amygdale. L'étude des relations anatomiques précises du circuit hippocampo-mamillo-thalamique permet de montrer l'importance dans le circuit lui-même de certaines formations comme le subiculum et l'aire entorhinale. Par ailleurs, ce circuit s'intègre totalement au sein du système limbique au sens large, tel que l'a défini Nauta (1961) et par là à des structures comme l'amygdale, le noyau médio-dorsal du thalamus, le cortex orbito-frontal, le septum et la réticulée mésencéphalique.Mais au sein même de ce système limbique, il semble exister une spécificité de relation des éléments en rapport avec le circuit hippocampo-mamillo-thalamique.Enfin, le circuit HMT ne peut pas se concevoir comme restreint au système limbique. Il est en relation étroite avec l'ensemble du cortex et particulièrement avec le cortex frontal, ce que rappellent les désordres mnésiques entraînés par les lésions de cette région.Le circuit HMT n'est donc pas la mémoire mais reste un modèle et un point de départ utile sinon indispensable dans son étude.     

Matière et esprit : la théorie du parallélisme moniste psychiatrique

Macroscopic defects of psychopathologists should be compensated by brain science and philosophy. Although the state of mind changes, psychiatrists frame patients’ mind state like snapshots; they make their diagnoses using the patients’ current mind state that they would think as if it was all he had as equipment diagnosis, because it is difficult to grasp the mind's dynamism. I have previously reported a new classification of mental illness using the theory of neo-organodynamism. However, organic and psychiatric degeneration are revealed only after the mind influences the brain. This article proposes the theory of psychiatric monistic parallelism, explaining how the non-material mind causes a neo-organodynamic change in matter. Gilles Deleuze proposed that virtuality (virtualité) would be realized (réalité) when it becomes an eternal object (intensité) through an event. The effect of intensity (intensité) on the noetic aspect is considered; the difference of intensity is not one of numerical multiplicity, but of qualitative multiplicity, produced by duration (i.e. intensity is duration). Intensity changes with fluctuations in qualitative multiplicity. If qualitative multiplicity does not reach a certain level (D), intensity would have no effect on the noetic aspect. If qualitative multiplicity exceeds D, the noetic aspect would fail with intensity. A difference in D may affect the noetic aspect. If one's qualitative multiplicity reaches D easily, individual mental vulnerability is declared. We first take the case with no impediment to the noetic aspect. Virtuality becomes intensity through an event at the contact point S (the vinculum between the noematic and noetic aspects). This intensity causes a delay in the cycle of perception and motion (Gestaltkreis) and becomes the intention of saying (vouloir-dire) at the noetic aspect. Simultaneously, the field of consciousness (actualité) is constructed at the noematic aspect through S and is fixed as the reality (réalité). Once a neuron network is constructed, the cycle of perception and motion (Gestaltkreis) is not delayed. Acting unconsciously for the repeated event is then possible. We next consider a failure of the noetic aspect. Virtuality becomes intensity and influences the noetic spect by exceeding a threshold, which becomes a noetic and metanoetic trouble. The delay in the Gestaltkreis would not occur at the vinculum and vouloir-dire would not occur. This leads to abnormal firings in the neural network on the noematic aspect, and the psychopathological cycle will begin to revolve according to the theory of neo-organodynamism. We also examine the mechanism of consciousness generation. The mind can be divided into two fields: where the self exists (consciousness) and where the self is absent (unconsciousness). Unconsciousness is controlled directly by the mind; the self and the world are completely united. Spontaneous symmetry is upheld in this field. However, when unconsciousness is limited by an event, spontaneous symmetry is broken, leading to a difference in intensity. This is the origin of consciousness. The collapse of spontaneous symmetry hinders the movement of an elementary particle with no mass; a Higgs boson would provide mass for the elementary particle. Thus, intensity generates consciousness from unconsciousness. Virtuality is the foundation of all mental disorders (monism) and becomes intensity through event. If its effects exceed the threshold, it would not delay the Gestaltkreis at S. Abnormal firing in the neural network occurs at the tangible (matter) end; metanoesis and noesis are impaired at the intangible end (mind). Hence, matter and mind do not interact directly but influence each other through « intensité » (parallelism), and the psychopathological cycle begins to revolve according to the theory of neo-organodynamism. I term this concept “psychiatric monistic parallelism”.     

人体背部云纹的测量方法、正常值及临床意义

本文对人体背部云纹提出了新的计算方法。根据161例正常人背部云纹图表现,把后视图分为中线型及偏离型;侧视图分为重合型、分离型、重合分离无交叉型及重合分离交叉型。并经统计学处理求得了其偏离及分离间距的平均值和正常值范围。从而对背部云纹变形程度提供了观察指标,对影像云纹在临床上的应用进行了初步的探讨。     

基于云纹干涉与钻孔法的等离子热障涂层残余应力实验研究

应用云纹干涉法与钻孔法结合的光测力学实验方法,研究了等离子热障涂层基体材料镍基高温合金DZ125的残余应力。通过实验和计算获得了等离子喷涂工艺下基体DZ125的残余变形场、残余应变场和残余应力,并描述了其主要特征。结果表明,采用云纹干涉法与钻孔法结合测定热障涂层残余应力具有全场测量和高灵敏度等优点,这对于采用光学手段研究热障涂层残余应力有着积极的意义。     

Amnésie autobiographique isolée : une origine neurologique ?

Introduction

The term “autobiographical memory” (AuM) refers to contextually bound experiences that occurred in a specific time, place, and affective setting. AuM is a component of memory commonly impaired in amnestic disorders. Alteration occurs rarely in isolation but rather in the setting of a larger memory impairment. Isolated AuM deficit is a controversial clinical entity, however, recently reported in the context of temporal lobe epilepsy. This study aims at characterizing this poorly documented clinical syndrome and at discussing its potential pathophysiological basis.

Patients and methods

We studied a group of three subjects with a history of pharmacosensitive epilepsy and severe AuM complaints. They all were submitted to a neuropsychological evaluation that included an extensive episodic memory assessment, along with wake/sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Results

We observed the following findings: preserved autonomy and intact global cognitive functioning; normal performance to standardized episodic memory assessment, contrasting with decreased performance to specific AuM evaluation; frontal and/or temporal epileptic activity on EEG; and normal structural brain MRI.

Conclusion

We reported on a group of patients exhibiting selective impairment of some components of personal memory, associated with interictal frontal and/or temporal abnormalities on EEG. To account for these findings, we hypothesise that interictal epileptic-related activity is impeding long-term consolidation or storage of autobiographical material.     

Standardization of the 5-word test in a group of 191 normal subjects aged 50 to 90 years

INTRODUCTION: The 5-word test (5WT) is a serial verbal memory test with semantic cuing. It allows to estimate cued learning, free recall, and cued recall of 5 words during immediate and delayed recalls (5 min later). The 5WT is proposed to rapidly evaluate memory of aging people. It has shown its sensitivity and its specificity in identifying patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBSERVATIONS: We report the constitution of a sample of 191 French speaking normal subjects, aged from 50 to 90 years, in four age classes (50 years, 60 years, 70 years, 80 years) and three education levels. Total Score, Total Weighted Score, Free Delayed Recall, Delayed Recalls Total (memory score), and Free Recalls Total appear to be the best scores to appreciate the memory performance of the normal subjects. A Total Score of 10 was obtained in 74.9 p.cent of the subjects. No immediate nor delayed intrusions were recorded. In spite of the absence of an explicit consign, the recalled words were often ordered as they were in the list. CONCLUSION: The 5WT is a simple and reliable test for investigating memory in elderly people above 50 years old.