Comparative Analysis of the Frequency of Neuron Spike Activity in the Sensorimotor Cortex of the Right and Left Hemispheres in Conditions of Immobilization Catatonia in Rabbits

Multineuron activity was recorded from the sensorimotor cortex of the right and left hemispheres during immobilization catatonia in rabbits. The first session of immobilization of the animals was followed by changes in spike frequency in 47% of neurons in the sensorimotor cortex of the right hemisphere. Of these, 30% showed decreases in spike frequency and 17% showed increases. Spike frequency in the sensorimotor cortex of the left hemisphere changed in only 18% of cells, of which 13% showed decreases in spike frequency and 5% showed increases. The spike frequency of neighboring (recorded with the same electrode) neurons could change reciprocally. Differences in neuron activity in the two hemispheres were virtually absent after the second session of immobilization (several days after the first) – spike activity changed in 21% of neurons in the right hemisphere and 24% in the left hemisphere. The ratios of the numbers of neurons with increases and decreases in spike activity in hypnosis also became identical in the cortex of the right and left hemispheres. A hypothesis is proposed for the involvement of cortical neurons in the organization of hypnosis-like states.     

Components of predation defense behavior in chickens: evidence for endogenous rhythmicity

The manifestation of diurnal periodicity and the extent of its control by the photoperiod was assessed in three predation defense reactions which constitute either components or outcomes of a predator-prey interaction sequence. Two-hundred White Leghorn chicks were reared from hatching for one week in either 24L or 12L and then tested at one of two clock hours previously demonstrated to define peak and trough response for one of the components. Putative evidence was found for an endogenous source of the periodicity manifested in all reactions. Maintenance schedule did not entrain the periodicity, but simple room entry and handling elicited anti-predator reactions, the extent of which varied as a function of clock hour. A general model of predation defense behavior was proposed.     

Cerebral blood flow in autogenic training and hypnosis

In 12 healthy volunteers with at least an experience of six months in autogenic training (AT), the cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured at rest, in AT and in hypnosis (H). The results were correlated with individual test profiles. The cortical flow pattern at rest of our AT trained volunteers did not show the hyperfrontality which is described in the literature. This may be interpreted as an effect of better and habitualized relaxation in long trained AT practitioners. This flow pattern corresponds to the low grades of neuroticism and aggressivity found in the tests. Furthermore an activation in central cortical areas and a deactivation in regions which are associated with acoustic and autonomous functions occur.Possible explanations for these phenomena as well as for the relatively low perfusion of the left hemisphere at rest and activation in AT are discussed. The global rise of CBF in H may be an activation effect caused by resistance against the hypnotizer: the deeper the trance, the smaller the CBF increase in the motor cortical area needed for maintaining catalepsy of the right arm and in temporal cortical fields processing acoustic inputs.     

Fostering Internal Cooperation Through the Use of Imagery in the Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder

ABSTRACT

Most clinicians working with dissociative identity disorder (D.I.D.) recognize the importance of working towards a cooperative system especially during the initial stages of treatment. However, achieving this can be a monumental task given the inner war that goes on inside the mind of an individual diagnosed with D.I.D. From an ego-state theoretical framework, this article will demonstrate through clinical cases and artwork, the value of imagery techniques in changing internal perceptions, especially with regards to introject ego states. These changes can assist in eliciting more internal cooperation, a necessary task prior to working towards a collaborative, co-conscious system or what some theorists would call integration.     

Post-traumatic stress in the medical setting

ABSTRACT

This article addresses the prevalence of posttraumatic stress arising from serious illness and injury. Its purpose is to underscore the importance of assessment and treatment of this population. The article reviews literature about patient stress responses to intensive care experiences and hospitalization. Above all, serious illness and injury hamper the individual’s ability to maintain their ongoing lifestyle and interpersonal relationships; the experience raises the specter of vulnerability and mortality and can obstruct the experience of a familiar “self”. Issues to be assessed and areas to be addressed therapeutically using hypnosis are suggested.     

靶控输注咪唑安定对靶控输注丙泊酚镇静催眠效应的影响

目的评价靶控输注咪唑安定对靶控输注丙泊酚镇静催眠效应的影响。方法ASAI～Ⅱ级择期手术患者40例，随机分为四组：A组为单纯丙泊酚组，B、C、D组为丙泊酚 咪唑安定组，咪唑安定靶浓度分别为10、20、30ng／mL。咪唑安定达到平衡后，血浆靶控输注丙泊酚。记录丙泊酚效应部位浓度为1、2、3、4、5μg／mL时BIS值和OAA／S评分，并记录OAA／S评分达到4、3、2、1时丙泊酚效应部位浓度和BIS值，记录BIS值为50时丙泊酚效应部位浓度。结果1．咪唑安定达到平衡后，C组和D组BIS值显著下降；D组中OAA／S评分也显著下降，并低于B组和C组；2．随丙泊酚浓度升高四组患者．BIS值和OAA／S评分逐渐下降；3．相同丙泊酚浓度时，BIS值和OAA／S评分随咪唑安定浓度增加呈降低趋势；4．B、C、D三组患者OAA／S评分达到3、2、1以及BIS值达到50时所需丙泊酚效应部位浓度均显著低于A组，达到相同OAA／S评分D组所需丙泊酚效应部位浓度显著低于B组和C组。结论效应部位浓度为10、20、30ng／mL的咪唑安定均能显著降低丙泊酚靶控浓度，以达到需要的镇静深度；随咪唑安定浓度加深，降低作用越明显。     

异氟烷催眠、镇痛作用与NMDA受体甘氨酸位点的关系

目的分析异氟烷催眠、镇痛作用与NMDA受体甘氨酸位点的关系。方法建立小鼠异氟烷注射催眠、镇痛模型后,在小鼠催醒、甩尾、福尔马林实验中,观察侧脑室或鞘内注射NMDA受体甘氨酸位点的激动剂D-丝氨酸(D-Serine,D-Ser)后小鼠睡眠时间、甩尾潜伏期或累计舔足时间的变化;用免疫组化方法观察异氟烷及鞘内用药对福尔马林小鼠脊髓Fos蛋白表达的影响。结果侧脑室注射D-Ser对异氟烷的催眠时间无影响(P>0.05)。鞘内注射D-Ser(0.025、0.05、0.1ng)可拮抗甩尾实验、福尔马林实验Ⅰ相中异氟烷的镇痛作用(P<0.05,P<0.01),而对福尔马林实验Ⅱ相异氟烷的镇痛作用无影响(P>0.05)。鞘内注射D-Ser0.05ng可拮抗异氟烷对福尔马林小鼠脊髓Fos蛋白表达的抑制作用(P<0.01)。结论异氟烷催眠作用与脑内NMDA受体甘氨酸位点关系不大;脊髓NMDA受体甘氨酸位点介导异氟烷对热、化学刺激的镇痛作用,而与异氟烷对慢性炎性疼痛的镇痛作用无明显关系。