Comparison of three commonly used cytologic preparations in effusion immunocytochemistry.

Discrepant results in effusion immunocytochemistry are often the result of specimen processing. Smears, cytospins, cell blocks, and monolayer preparations have all been used in various published studies; thus, there is no consistency in the immunostaining process for cytology to compare with the surgical pathology "gold standard" results. We sought to evaluate optimal specimen preparation for the immunostaining of effusion samples. Fourteen reactive and 15 malignant effusion samples (various epithelial/mesothelial neoplasms) were each prepared in three forms: air-dried cytospins (postfixed in ethanol), formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cell blocks, and liquid-based thin-layer (ThinPrep, CYTYC, Boxborough, MA) processing. All slides were immunostained with antibodies commonly used in effusion cytology: HBME-1, calretinin, E-cadherin, BerEP4, B72.3, LeuM1, and CA19-9. Cytospin and ThinPrep samples performed in a similar manner: high background staining was encountered in 66% of cases, most evident in three-dimensional clusters of cells. In addition, membrane staining patterns were difficult to interpret. Cell blocks provided the best milieu for morphologic interpretation, with less background staining (only 17% of cases) and results that most closely approximated those reported in the surgical pathology literature. The cost per test for cell block immunocytochemistry was also the most economical for our laboratory.     

ThinPrep evaluation of fluid samples aspirated from cystic ovarian masses

The cytological evaluation of ovarian cystic fluid using ThinPrep has not been reported. To determine the diagnostic accuracy of ThinPrep cytology in distinguishing between benign and nonbenign ovarian cystic lesions, we examined 65 fluid samples aspirated during intraoperative consultation with subsequent histologic correlation. One ThinPrep slide was prepared from each sample aspirated from surgically removed ovarian cystic masses and reviewed blindly by a panel of three cytopathologists. The parameters used in cytological evaluation were cellularity, cell types, cellular arrangement, and background. Four samples were acellular and excluded from the study. The consensus cytologic diagnoses were compiled for 61 cases which were assigned to one of the following diagnostic categories: negative for malignant cells (40 cases), atypical cytology (13 cases), and suspicious or positive for malignancy (8 cases). Histologic correlation of the cytological benign/negative cases showed that 26/40 (65%) were histologically benign and 14/40 were false-negative (35%, 5 carcinomas and 9 borderline tumors) with 10 of these cases being mucinous tumors. Most false-negative cytologic samples (11/14 or 79%) did not have an epithelial component. Of the 21 cytological nonbenign diagnoses (atypical/suspicious/positive), 15 (71%) were confirmed on histology (10 carcinomas and 5 borderline tumors). However, a nonbenign cytologic diagnosis was rendered in 6 histologically benign cases, including 2 serous cystadenomas, 1 mucinous cystadenoma, 1 serous cystadenofibroma, 1 endometriosis, and 1 corpus luteal cyst. The diagnostic sensitivity by ThinPrep evaluation of ovarian cystic masses is 81% (26/32) for benign and 52% (15/29) for nonbenign lesions. Our results concluded that ThinPrep examination of ovarian cystic fluid is not accurate in distinguishing benign from malignant cysts, given the significant number of false-negative diagnoses. Major contributing factors include sparse cellularity of the fluid samples and mucinous differentiation of the tumors.     

Differential expression of cdk inhibitors p16, p21cip1, p27kip1, and cyclin E in cervical cytological smears prepared by the ThinPrep method

Our objective was to correlate p16, p21cip1, p27kip1, and cyclin E protein expression with the degree of dysplasia on ThinPrep Papanicolaou (Pap) smears using a modified immunoperoxidase staining. Smears read as normal, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), or high-grade SIL (HSIL) were identified and tested for high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV). Additional smears were processed for immunoperoxidase for p16, p21cip1, p27kip1, and cyclin E. Thirty-four smears were satisfactory for study. The p16 was positive in all nine HSIL, in four of nine LSIL, and in one of seven ASC-US. The p27kip1 was positive in all nine HSIL, in eight of nine LSIL, and in one of seven ASC-US. The p21cip1 was positive in all nine HSIL, in one of nine LSIL, and in one of seven ASC-US. Cyclin E was positive in seven of nine HSIL and in one of nine LSIL and in none of the ASC-US smears. Normal smears were negative for all the antigens. There was poor correlation of protein expression and HR-HPV infection. We concluded that p16, p21cip1, p27kip1, and cyclin E can be demonstrated on Pap smears and they are expressed differentially in dysplastic cells, with highest expression in HSIL. The p21cip1 and cyclin E showed the greatest correlation with HSIL.     

High grade endometrial stromal sarcoma on thinprep

High grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HGESS) is an uncommon malignancy recently re‐defined in the new WHO classification of endometrial stromal tumors. In this article, we discuss the differential diagnoses of metastatic HGESS in a fine needle aspiration (FNA) of a lymph node and compare the cytomorphology of HGESS in ThinPrep [(TP), Hologic Inc., Boxborough, MA] to conventional smears (CS). The patient had a history of stage I HGESS, status‐post supracervical hysterectomy without regional lymph node metastases. Her post‐operative course was complicated by pelvic fluid collections and enlarging para‐aortic lymph nodes. Diff‐Quik (DQ)‐stained and Papanicolaou (Pap)‐stained smears from a para‐aortic lymph node FNA demonstrated a cellular specimen with monomorphic population of plump to oval cells with scant, wispy cytoplasm in aggregates and as single cells. The nuclei showed fine chromatin and small inconspicuous nucleoli. Compared to the CS, HGESS cells in the TP showed similar cytological features, with the exception that the nuclei were slightly smaller, hyperchromatic, and the chromatin pattern was attenuated. In the absence of prior clinical history, the cytomorphology of metastatic HGESS in a lymph node can be difficult to differentiate from a lymphoma, a variety of metastatic spindle cell tumors or metastatic carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis and comparison with the primary tumor can be useful in proving the nature of the malignant cells. The cytomorphology of HGESS on TP correlated well in both single cells and aggregates when compared to CS. The differences noted were decreased nuclear size, nuclear hyperchromasia, and slightly attenuated nuclear detail on TP. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:756–762. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

液基薄层细胞学检查用于宫颈疾病筛查的临床应用

目的讨论液基薄层细胞学检查在宫颈疾病筛查中的临床应用。方法随机提取2012年1¹2月在我院妇科门诊及住院就诊的宫颈病变患者,结合Bethesda2001报告分类标准,采用TCT制片技术,随机对这60例宫颈病变患者进行宫颈细胞学筛查。并对非典型鳞状上皮以上病例进行宫颈组织病理学检查。结果 60例患者取材均为满意涂片:检出异常结果非典型鳞状上皮8例,不除外高度病变的非典型鳞状上皮5例,低度鳞状上皮内病变2例,高度鳞状上皮内病变1例。病理组织学结果为上皮内病变(≥LSIL)14例,病理符合率为87.5%。结论在宫颈疾病筛查中应用液基薄层细胞学检查,可早期发现宫颈病变和癌前病变甚至宫颈癌变,可临床推广应用。     

液基薄层细胞学检查配合阴道镜检查对子宫颈病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨液基薄层细胞学检查（TCT）联合阴道镜检查对子宫颈病变的临床诊断应用价值.方法 选取疑似为宫颈病变的患者980例,采用TCT联合阴道镜检查,其中,送检样本阳性涂片患者102例,均行阴道镜检查,于阴道镜下取组织活检.结果 980例患者的102例阳性患者中,不典型鳞状上皮细胞（ASC）、低度鳞状上皮内病变（LSIL）、宫颈癌前病变（HSIL）及不典型腺细胞（AGC）的检出率分别为6.1％、0.6％、2.1％和1.5％;对细胞学阳性样本进行阴道镜组织活检,两种检测结果比较：LSIL为72.4％ （21/29）,HSIL为93.8％ （15/16）.结论 TCT筛查可增加宫颈病变阳性诊断率,对于高度疑似患者配合阴道镜检查及阴道组织活检可以进一步提高诊断的准确度,以便为临床治疗提供科学的方案.     

中老年患者无明确诊断意义的鳞状上皮细胞病变以上宫颈病变临床处理方法研究

目的 探讨中老年患者性质不明不典型鳞状上皮细胞（ASCUS）及ASCUS以上宫颈病变的临床处理方法.方法 根据临床对中老年患者ASCUS宫颈病变不同处理方法分组,观察1组（348例）行阴道镜检查;观察2组（316例）行高危型人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）检测,HPV阳性行阴道镜检查;观察3组（129例）定期宫颈细胞学复检,鳞状上皮内病变行阴道镜检查,比较三组临床处理情况.结果 三组574例患者同时行液基薄层细胞学检查（TCT）及阴道镜宫颈活检病理检查,结果上皮内瘤变（CIN）以上宫颈病变223例（38.9%）,其中CIN Ⅰ 136例（23.7%）、CINⅡ64例（11.2%）、CINⅢ20例（3.5%）、原位癌3例（0.5%）;观察1组348例中,行阴道镜检查348例（100.0%）,活检CINⅡ以上的患者36例（10.3%）;观察2组转阴道镜检查213例（67.4%）,活检CINⅡ以上的患者38例（12.0%）;观察3组转阴道镜检查13例（10.1%）,活检CINⅡ以上的患者3例（2.3%）.活检CINⅡ以上检出率,观察1组、观察2组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,与观察3组比较差异均有统计学意义（x2 =7.014、9.156,均P＜0.05）.结论 高危型HPV检测分流ASCUS,可减少宫颈病变处理过程中误诊、漏诊及过度治疗的问题.     

液基薄层制片法在泌尿系统肿瘤诊断中的意义

目的比较液基薄层制片法与传统涂片对尿液标本中肿瘤检出率的差异。方法随机选取2010年4月至2010年12月吉林大学第一医院门诊及泌尿科住院患者尿液标本120例,采用新柏氏2000液基细胞自动制片机及传统涂片的方法制片,巴氏染色后,显微镜下观察,比较两种方法肿瘤细胞检出率的差异。结果判读采用巴氏5级分类诊断标准,诊断结果均与病理对照。结果 120例尿液标本共检出阳性例数为41例,其中液基薄层制片法检出阳性31例,灵敏度为75.6%,传统法检出阳性17例,灵敏度为41.5%,液基薄层制片灵敏度提高了34.1%,经χ2检验,P<0.05,有统计学意义,其诊断结果与病理结果基本一致。结论液基薄层制片技术其阳性检出率及符合率均高于传统涂片,因此使用液基薄层制片技术可提高对泌尿系统肿瘤诊断的灵敏度。     

细胞学及阴道镜检查对宫颈病变的诊断价值

目的评价细胞学及阴道镜检查对宫颈病变的诊断价值。方法以宫颈环型电切术(LEEP)后病理诊断为标准,对照分析巴氏涂片、液基薄层细胞检测(TCT)、阴道镜、细胞学联合阴道镜检查对400例患者宫颈病变的筛查结果。结果巴氏涂片灵敏度64.9%,特异度85.4%,假阴性率35.1%,假阳性率14.6%;TCT灵敏度77.8%,特异度80.7%,假阴性率22.2%,假阳性率19.3%;阴道镜灵敏度92.5%,特异度74.3%,假阴性率7.5%,假阳性率25.7%;阴道镜诊断不足19例(8.2%),诊断过度54例(23.2%);细胞学联合阴道镜灵敏度92.9%,特异度64.1%,假阴性率7.1%,假阳性率35.9%。巴氏涂片与TCT的检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);阴道镜和细胞学联合阴道镜检查的检出率明显高于细胞学检查(P<0.05)。结论细胞学联合阴道镜检查是较为理想的宫颈病变筛查方法,阴道镜诊断宫颈病变仍存在一定的漏诊率,尚无法代替LEEP。