Neighborhood disadvantage and longitudinal brain-predicted-age trajectory during adolescence

Neighborhood disadvantage has consistently been linked to alterations in brain structure; however, positive environmental (e.g., positive parenting) and psychological factors (e.g., temperament) may buffer these effects. We aimed to investigate associations between neighborhood disadvantage and deviations from typical neurodevelopmental trajectories during adolescence, and examine the moderating role of positive parenting and temperamental effortful control (EC). Using a large dataset (n = 1313), a normative model of brain morphology was established, which was then used to predict the age of youth from a longitudinal dataset (n = 166, three time-points at age 12, 16, and 19). Using linear mixed models, we investigated whether trajectories of the difference between brain-predicted-age and chronological age (brainAGE) were associated with neighborhood disadvantage, and whether positive parenting (positive behavior during a problem-solving task) and EC moderated these associations. We found that neighborhood disadvantage was associated with positive brainAGE during early adolescence and a deceleration (decreasing brainAGE) thereafter. EC moderated this association such that in disadvantaged adolescents, low EC was associated with delayed development (negative brainAGE) during late adolescence. Findings provide evidence for complex associations between environmental and psychological factors, and brain maturation. They suggest that neighborhood disadvantage may have long-term effects on neurodevelopment during adolescence, but high EC could buffer these effects.     

The Correlations Between the Difficult Temperament and Subjective Psychiatric Symptoms in Chinese Early Adolescents

This study was designed to assess the intercorrelations between difficult temperament factors and self-rating psychiatric symptoms in Chinese early adolescents. The study subjects completed the Chinese Adolescent Temperament Self-Rating Questionnaire and Brief Psychiatric Symptom Rating Scale. Results revealed that the group of subjects with two or more difficult temperament factors showed significantly higher scores in some of self-rating psychiatric symptoms. In addition to difficult temperament factors, low score of task orientation and tactile threshold also appeared to be risk factors for self perceived psychiatric symptoms in the Chinese adolescents.     

父母教育方式与儿童气质关系的研究

气质是儿童先天的素质 ,是个性心理特点之一 ,是婴儿出生后最早表现出来的一种较为明显而稳定的个性特征。气质特点与生物遗传和环境因素有关 ,有关研究涉及遗传、生理、性别、孕期和围产期、父母个性等因素。气质还是人格的一部分 ,父母养育方式对人格的影响国内外均有研究[1- 3] 。但父母教育方式与儿童气质关系的研究尚少 ,仅见Ｂｅｚｉｒａ ｇａｎｉａｎ等报道[4 ] :母亲对儿子的惩罚和控制 ,父女亲密度低 ,则儿童易发展成难养气质 ,而在父子和母女亲密度高的家庭却没有出现这种现象。通过本研究探讨父母教育方式与儿童气质的关系 ,为早…     

1～3岁听障儿童气质特征研究

目的：分析1～3岁听障儿童气质特点及其影响因素。方法采用问卷调查法对68名1～3岁听障儿童的气质特征以及听力状况和家庭环境因素进行调查,并对其进行发育评估。结果本次调查的听障儿童气质类型以易养型和中间型居多;在气质维度方面,女童的趋避性高于男童,2岁儿童比1岁儿童持久性高,注意力不易分散;多元回归分析结果显示,是否为独生子女、母亲文化程度、家庭月总收入、康复训练时间及手眼协调能力对听障儿童的气质维度产生影响。结论性别、年龄、家庭环境、康复训练以及发育水平影响听障儿童的气质特征。     

气质和教养方式对青少年攻击行为的交互效应检验

目的:考察气质间及气质与教养方式对青少年直接攻击和间接攻击的交互效应。方法:采用气质问卷、教养方式问卷和青少年攻击行为问卷,对1266名青少年进行调查。结果:①意志控制可缓冲感觉寻求对青少年直接攻击的风险作用。②权威教养可缓冲感觉寻求对青少年直接攻击的风险作用,而专制教养可增强意志控制对青少年直接攻击的保护作用;专制教养可减弱感觉寻求对青少年间接攻击的抑制作用。结论:气质间及气质与教养方式的交互效应对青少年直接攻击效应显著;气质与教养方式的交互效应对青少年间接攻击效应显著。