Developing a model for clinical and basic science teaching skills

This report describes a model for identifying sets of teaching abilities considered to be effective for medical school teaching staff, based on roles teachers assume and functions they are expected to perform as instructors. The specification of these teaching abilities was the first step in the development of a comprehensive course on Medical Instruction at the Basic Institute of Medical and Agricultural Biology of the State University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu, Brazil, where the senior author is employed. The work was based on the assumption that medical school teachers are expected to assume a variety of teaching roles and that identification and specification of the abilities that define their roles can result in more effective and efficient teaching.     

医疗设备开关电源的维修

介绍了阿洛卡SSD2000开关电源的工作原理和常见故障的检修方法。     

Evidence for a human IgG1 class switch program

In activated murine B lymphocytes, immunoglobulin class switch recombination occurs as a highly regulated process which is targeted to distinct switch regions. Here we present first evidence that in human B lymphocytes, switch recombination is targeted to distinct switch regions as well. In a panel of clonally unrelated IgG1-expressing human B cells, immortalized by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformation, seven out of nine cells show switch recombination between Sμ and Sγ1 on both alleles, the active and inactive one. The remaining cells show no switch recombination on the inactive IgH locus. The very strong correlation of switch recombination on both alleles of IgG1-expressing cells proves that class switch recombination to IgG1 is not random but directed in human B lymphocytes.     

An automated on-line method for simultaneous analysis of phenothiazines in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography/sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry using backflush column switching

An automated on-line method for simultaneous analysis of five phenothiazine drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry (SSI-MS) has been established, using backflush column switching. A 400-μl portion of serum sample diluted 81-fold with distilled water was subjected to the on-line system. In the system, an Oasis HLB cartridge was used as the precolumn for extraction; large molecules such as proteins in serum were discarded by use of distilled water containing 0.1% formic acid as a mobile phase. After switching a valve, the analytes trapped in the precolumn were eluted in the backflush mode and separated by a Chromolith Performance RP-18e column, which is composed of C₁₈-bonded monolithic silica. The column effluents were then introduced into the SSI-MS. The present method provided successful separation and determination of six phenothiazines including an internal standard. Satisfactory linearities, reproducibility, and sensitivity were obtained at concentration levels that matched the toxic levels of phenothiazines. All drug peaks appeared within 18 min, and the system could be reequilibrated in only about 8 min for the next run. Because of the simplicity and rapidness of the method, it is likely to be useful in the fields of emergency medicine and forensic toxicology.     

Using switching detection and variational equations for the shooting method

We study in this paper the resolution by single shooting of an optimal control problem with a bang‐bang control involving a large number of commutations. We focus on the handling of these commutations regarding the precise computation of the shooting function and its Jacobian. We first observe the impact of a switching detection algorithm on the shooting method results. Then, we study the computation of the Jacobian of the shooting function, by comparing classical finite differences to a formulation using the variational equations. We consider as an application a low thrust orbital transfer with payload maximization. This kind of problem presents a discontinuous optimal control, and involves up to 1800 commutations for the lowest thrust. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Role of the Ventrolateral Nucleus of the Thalamus in the Switching of Descending Influences to Motor Activity in the Rat

Studies on rats showed that the facilitating influence of preliminary transection of the rubrospinal tract on recovery of motor activity and operant reflexes disrupted by lesioning of the red nucleus was more apparent when lesioning was chemical than when lesioning was electrolytic. This is due to the survival of cerebellothalamic fibers to the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus after chemical lesioning of the red nucleus with quinolinic acid. It was also shown that preliminary lesioning of the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus strongly hindered the switching of motor activity under the control of the corticospinal tract in rats subjected to section of the rubrospinal tract and lesioning of the red nucleus.     

Mental fatigue and task control: planning and preparation

The effects of mental fatigue on planning and preparation for future actions were examined, using a task switching paradigm. Fatigue was induced by "time on task," with subjects performing a switch task continuously for 2 hr. Subjects had to alternate between tasks on every second trial, so that a new task set was required on every second trial. Manipulations of response-stimulus intervals (RSIs) were used to examine whether subjects prepared themselves for the task change. Behavioral measurements, event-related potentials (ERPs), and mood questionnaires were used to assess the effects of mental fatigue. Reaction times (RTs) were faster on trials in which no change in task set was required in comparison with switch trials, requiring a new task set. Long RSIs were used efficiently to prepare for the processing of subsequent stimuli. With increasing mental fatigue, preparation processes seemed to become less adequate and the number of errors increased. A clear poststimulus parietal negativity was observed on repetition trials, which reduced with time on task. This attention-related component was less pronounced in switch trials; instead, ERPs elicited in switch trials showed a clear frontal negativity. This negativity was also diminished by time on task. ERP differences between repetition and switch trials became smaller with increasing time on task.     

ONSET AND TERMINAL ORIENTING RESPONSES AS A FUNCTION OF TASK DEMANDS

The frequency of response and trials to habituation of the electrodermal onset and terminal orienting response were manipulated as a function of discrimination tasks involving either stimulus content (pitch) or duration. There were no significant differences between the groups on either measure for onset ORs; however, the duration task group demonstrated more TORs and required a greater number of trials to habituate than the content task group. The results, interpreted in terms of the development of cortical models, supported Stern's suggestion that OR and TOR habituation are related to the content and duration of the stimulus respectively.     

Unblocking of meiotic crossing-over between the silent mating-type cassettes of fission yeast,conditioned by the recessive,pleiotropic mutant rik1

Summary The mating-type region of Schizosaccharomyces pombe consists of three subloci: the expressed cassette at mat1, and the silent cassettes at mat2-P and mat3-M. Previous work has shown that the genetically inert spacer region of 15 kb between mat2 and mat3 is completely devoid of meiotic recombination. This crossover blockage is lifted in the recessive mutant rik1. Other properties such as mating-type switching, sporulation efficiency and spore viability are also affected in this pleiotropic mutant. Presumably the wild-type rik1 product is responsible for heterochromatinization throughout the silent domain of the mating-type region.