保定市躯体形式障碍的流行病学调查

目的了解保定市躯体形式障碍的患病率和分布特点。方法2004年10月～2005年3月采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取≥18周岁的人群，共10073名，用扩展的一般健康问卷（GHQ-12）将调查对象分为高、中、低危险组，采用美国精神障碍诊断标准（DSM-Ⅳ），以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册-第四版（DSM-Ⅳ）轴Ⅰ障碍定式临床检查患者版对调查对象进行躯体形式障碍的诊断。以大体功能量表（GAF）评定患者的心理、社会和职业功能。结果9021人完成调查，躯体形式障碍的时点患病率为0．99%。（95%CI=0．79％～1．20％）．躯体化障碍0．03％、未分化的躯体形式障碍0．24％、疼痛障碍0．56％、疑病症0．18％。女性（1．43％）明显高于男性（0．13％）（P〈0．01）；40～49岁及50～59岁患病率较高（1．84％及1．55％）；与抑郁症及焦虑障碍共病49．12％；心理、社会和职业功能受损程度无或轻度50．88％、中度33．33％、重度15．79％；躯体形式障碍就诊精神科门诊为3．51％。结论躯体形式障碍在女性及中年人群（40～59岁）中患病率高，与抑郁症及焦虑障碍共病常见．其精神科服务利用率低。     

A decade of spontaneous long-term course of psychogenic impairment in a community population sample

Background: Our epidemiological study demonstrates the spontaneous long-term course of predominantly psychosocially influenced (“psychogenic”) disorders (neurotic spectrum disorders, personality disorders, stress reactions and somatoform disorders) in a representative community sample of the normal adult population of Mannheim, an industrial and university town in Germany. The natural spontaneous course of these disorders in a population sample over a long period remains largely unknown. Method: Beginning in 1979 (n _t1 = 600) a random population sample was investigated three times over a mean period of approximately 11 years. The last follow-up study ended in 1994 (n _t3 = 301). The follow-up sample was representative of the t1 sample. Psychodynamically trained and clinically experienced interviewers used a semi-structured interview and standardized clinical and psychometric instruments. Psychogenic impairment was assessed using a standardized expert rating (Impairment Score, IS). Results: The mean sum-score of psychogenic impairment after 11 years exceeded the value at t1. The case rate (point prevalence, ICD diagnosis + clinical cut-off/IS) increased from 21.6% at t1 to 26.2% at t3 in the investigated follow-up sample. Intra-individual correlation of psychogenic impairment between t1 and t3 was high (r = 0.55). We found strong evidence for an unfavorable long-term course of psychogenic impairment and only a weak tendency (23.1%) for spontaneous remission of clinically relevant psychogenic impairment. Within a regression model clinical variables, childhood development conditions and personality traits at t1 predicted psychogenic impairment at t3. Conclusion: All clinical variables conclusively indicate an unfavorable spontaneous long-term course of psychogenic impairment. Together with the well-known high prevalence of psychogenic disorders in the normal population, this underlines the need for early therapeutic and preventive intervention. Accepted: 20 August 1999     

文拉法辛治疗持续性躯体形式疼痛障碍35例

目的：观察文拉法辛治疗持续性躯体形式疼痛障碍的疗效。方法： 将持续性躯体形式疼痛障碍初诊患者70例随机分为治疗组和对照组各35例，两组分别给予文拉法辛和阿米替林，均以25 mg，po，bid，根据病情渐增至50 mg，po，tid。分别在治疗后第4天和第1，2，4周评定疗效。结果：治疗组和对照组完全缓解分别为9，8例，明显缓解分别为13，10例，轻度缓解分别为8，10例，无效分别为5，7例；有效率分别为85.71%，80.00%；两组间差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。但治疗组口干、便秘、视物模糊、心动过速、嗜睡等不良反应明显比对照组少(P＜0.01)。结论： 文拉法辛对持续性躯体形式疼痛障碍疗效好，不良反应小，安全性高。     

Support system for decision making in the identification of risk for body dysmorphic disorder: A fuzzy model

PurposeTo develop a fuzzy linguistic model to quantify the level of distress of patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a mental condition related to body image relatively common among cosmetic surgery patients; it is difficult to diagnose and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Fuzzy cognitive maps are an efficient tool based on human knowledge and experience that can handle uncertainty in identifying or grading BDD symptoms and the degree of body image dissatisfaction. Individuals who seek cosmetic procedures suffer from some degree of dissatisfaction with appearance.MethodsA fuzzy model was developed to measure distress levels in cosmetic surgery patients based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), diagnostic criterion B for BDD. We studied 288 patients of both sexes seeking abdominoplasty, rhinoplasty, or rhytidoplasty in a university hospital.ResultsPatient distress ranged from “none” to “severe” (range = 7.5–31.6; cutoff point = 18; area under the ROC curve = 0.923). There was a significant agreement between the fuzzy model and DSM-IV criterion B (kappa = 0.805; p < 0.001).ConclusionThe fuzzy model measured distress levels with good accuracy, indicating that it can be used as a screening tool in cosmetic surgery and psychiatric practice.     

度洛西汀联合认知疗法治疗持续性躯体形式疼痛障碍的疗效观察

目的观察度洛西汀联合认知疗法治疗持续性躯体形式疼痛障碍(PSPD)的效果。方法选择2012年8月—2013年3月在我院门诊就诊的PSPD患者70例,将其随机分为研究组和对照组。两组均应用度洛西汀治疗,起始剂量为30 mg/d;在此基础上研究组联合认知疗法。以治疗6周末疼痛量表(MOSPE)减分率评定疼痛疗效,两组患者均在治疗前、治疗2周、4周、6周末采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分。结果治疗6周末研究组有效率为82.9%(29/35),对照组有效率为77.1%(27/35),两组有效率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.36,P0.05)。治疗4周、6周时,研究组HAMD评分低于对照组(P0.05)。结论度洛西汀适用于PSPD的治疗,且疗效较好,耐受性较好,联合认知疗法有助于尽快改善患者的抑郁症状。     

Longing for existential recognition: A qualitative study of everyday concerns for people with somatoform disorders

Objective

Patients with somatoform disorders could be vulnerable to stressors and have difficulties coping with stress. The aim was to explore what the patients experience as stressful and how they resolve stress in everyday life.

Methods

A cross-sectional retrospective design using 24 semi-structured individual life history interviews. Data-analysis was based on grounded theory.

Results

A major concern in patients was a longing for existential recognition. This influenced the patients' self-confidence, stress appraisals, symptom perceptions, and coping attitudes. Generally, patients had difficulties with self-confidence and self-recognition of bodily sensations, feelings, vulnerability, and needs, which negatively framed their attempts to obtain recognition in social interactions. Experiences of recognition appeared in three different modalities: 1) “existential misrecognition” covered the experience of being met with distrust and disrespect, 2) “uncertain existential recognition” covered experiences of unclear communication and a perception of not being totally recognized, and 3) “successful existential recognition” covered experiences of total respect and understanding. “Misrecognition” and “uncertain recognition” related to decreased self-confidence, avoidant coping behaviours, increased stress, and symptom appraisal; whereas “successful recognition” related to higher self-confidence, active coping behaviours, decreased stress, and symptom appraisal.

Conclusion

Different modalities of existential recognition influenced self-identity and social identity affecting patients' daily stress and symptom appraisals, self-confidence, self-recognition, and coping attitudes. Clinically it seems crucial to improve the patients' ability to communicate concerns, feelings, and needs in social interactions. Better communicative skills and more active coping could reduce the harm the patients experienced by not being recognized and increase the healing potential of successful recognition.     

Health related quality of life changes in somatising patients after individual versus group cognitive behavioural therapy: A randomized clinical trial

Objective

To assess changes in health related quality of life after a cognitive behavioural program for patients diagnosed with abridged somatization disorder in primary care.

Method

A multicentre, randomized, parallel group, controlled trial was designed. 168 patients were recruited from 29 primary health care centres in Spain and were randomly assigned to one of the three study arms: treatment as usual improved with Smith's norms, individual cognitive behavioural treatment, and group cognitive behavioural treatment. Health-related quality of life was assessed using SF-36 Health Survey.

Results

Individual cognitive behavioural treatment achieves greater changes in health related quality of life than group cognitive behavioural therapy and treatment as usual. Improvement in health related quality of life was fully observed at 12 month, and partially at 6 months. The modality of intervention interacts with time in all dimensions except for Physical functioning and Vitality. Patients who received individual cognitive behavioural therapy treatment had better scores in Physical and Mental health summary measures at 12 month follow-up.

Conclusions

Individual cognitive behavioural treatment is the most effective way to improve health related quality of life in abridged somatization disorder patients, and its effects are sustained over time. Also, regardless of the type of intervention, physical functioning improves compared with treatment as usual.     

Association of costs with somatic symptom severity in patients with medically unexplained symptoms

Objective

To analyse the association of direct and indirect costs in patients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) with somatic symptom severity (SSS).

Methods

A cross-sectional cost analysis for retrospective 6 months was conducted in 294 primary care patients with MUS. Health care utilisation and loss of productivity were measured by questionnaires. SSS was measured using the “Patient Health Questionnaire 15” (PHQ-15). Direct and indirect costs and the association of costs with SSS were analysed via multiple linear regression analysis.

Results

Patients with MUS had average 6-month direct costs of 1098 EUR and indirect costs of 7645 EUR. For direct costs, outpatient physician visits were the most expensive single cost category (36%), followed by pharmaceuticals (25%) and hospital stays (19%). Indirect costs were predominantly caused by productivity reduction at work (56%) followed by early retirement (29%) and acute sickness absence (14%). As compared to mild SSS, moderate SSS was not significantly associated with direct, but with indirect costs (+ 2948 EUR; p < .001); severe SSS was associated with increased direct cost (+ 658 EUR; p = .001) and increased indirect costs (+ 4630 EUR; p < .001). Age was positively associated with direct cost (+ 15 EUR for each additional year; p = .015) as well as indirect cost (+ 104 EUR for each additional year; p < .001).

Conclusions

MUS are associated with relevant direct and even much higher indirect costs that strongly depend on SSS.     

医学上不能解释的慢性疼痛主诉患者临床特征和精神病学诊断

目的观察疼痛科医学上不能解释的慢性疼痛主诉(MUP)门诊患者的临床特征,完善其临床诊断。方法对疼痛科门诊87例MUP患者转诊至心理科门诊进行会诊-联络精神病学研究,记录患者相关疾病信息和疼痛科诊断,进行症状自评量表(SCL-90)和综合性医院焦虑抑郁量表(HAD)测查和面谈并作出精神病学诊断。结果MUP患者的躯体形式疼痛主诉以头、面、口腔部(56.3%)、胸部(49.4%)和腰背部(25.3%)为主,疼痛科诊断以不定陈述综合征(33.3%)、慢性头痛综合征(20.7%)、疼痛原因待查(心因性疼痛,29.9%)为主。男、女性MUP患者的疼痛科诊断存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。MUP患者的SCL-90各因子评分均显著高于中国常模(P<0.05)。HAD(d)评分≥8分为66.7%,HAD(a)评分≥8分为49.4%。MUP患者的精神病学诊断高达96.6%。结论 MUP患者焦虑抑郁情绪明显,躯体化症状多,会诊-联络精神病学研究有助于完善其临床诊断。     

Pain drawings and concepts of pain among patients with "half-body" complaints

OBJECTIVE: To explore main features of pain drawings and concepts about illness in patients seeking help for "half-body" complaints at two primary health care centres in different parts of Sweden. METHODS: A qualitative study of pain-drawings and tape-recorded semi-structured interviews analysed by qualitative methods in 20 patients (4 men, 16 women, aged 37-68 years) from five health centers. Three of them were native Swedes and 17 were foreign-born. RESULTS: All complained of pain in a left (three-fourth) or right (one-fourth) body-half, mainly in front. Some had general pain with a "worse side". Many said they had pain only on the "edges" and outlined the margins on the side of pain, but excluded the "face". Posterior drawings often received a line in the middle dividing the body in lateral halves. Pain was referred to as a "growing" thing - ("It") - that could spread ("jump") to the other side, grow and eventually paralyse them. "It" was believed as caused by body imbalance, natural factors or supernatural forces. CONCLUSION: "Half-body" pain was an expression that in main was used by middle-aged patients to denote an initially superficial and frontal one-sided pain that could spread and become dangerous to their health. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Patients with half-body complaints should be taken seriously and met with respect by doctors and other health care personnel, particularly in cross-cultural consultations.