Psychosocial factors associated with suicidal ideation in clinical patients with depression

Background

Depression is a major risk factor for suicide, but few studies have examined psychosocial risk factors for suicide in clinical patients with depression. The purpose of this study was to investigate psychosocial factors which could be associated with suicidal ideation in clinical patients with depression including: sick-leave, help-seeking behavior, and reluctance to admit mental health problems.

Methods

A multi-center cross-sectional survey using self-report questionnaire was conducted at 54 outpatient psychiatric clinics in Tokyo in 2012. Adult outpatients who were diagnosed by psychiatrists as mood disorders (F30–F39) in the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) were included in the study. Those who met the criteria for current hypomanic or manic episode were excluded from the study.

Results

A total of 189 patients with depression participated in the survey. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that taking sick-leave and having sought help from family were associated with decreased odds of current suicidal ideation. Moderate or more severe depression was associated with increased odds of suicidal ideation, and reluctance to admit own mental health problem tended to increase odds of suicidal ideation.

Limitations

Living status and suicidal ideation before consultation with psychiatrist were not investigated. Severity of suicidal ideation and comorbid psychiatric disorders were not assessed.

Conclusions

Importance of treatment of more severe depression for suicide prevention was confirmed. Industrial health staffs should consider the possibility of positive effect of taking sick-leave when they see employees with depression. Promoting help-seeking for family and reducing stigma of mental illness may be effective for suicide prevention.     

Return to Work in a Cohort of Low Back Pain Patients: Development and Validation of a Clinical Prediction Rule

Background From the viewpoint of cost prevention, it is necessary to identify patients that are of high risk for long-term work disability, production loss and sick-leave. Methods Secondary data analysis in a cohort of 628 workers on sick-leave between 3 and 6 weeks due to low back pain (LBP). The association of a broad set of demographic, work, LBP and psychosocial related factors on lasting return to work was studied using Cox regression analysis with backward selection. The most relevant factors were used to derive a clinical prediction rule to determine the risk of sick-leave of more than 6 months. Variable and model selection and clinical model performance were performed with bootstrapping techniques. Also the test characteristics of the clinical model were considered. Results Longer work absence is related to “moderate” to “poor” job satisfaction, a higher score of fear avoidance beliefs, higher pain intensity at baseline, a longer duration of complaints and being of female gender. Calibration and discrimination of the clinical prediction rule were 0.90 (slope) and 0.63 (c-index), respectively. The explained variance of 6% of the prediction rule was low and the clinical performance in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values at specific cut-off points was moderate. Conclusions Our study confirmed the importance of demographic, work, LBP and psychosocial related factors on the prediction of long-term sick-leave. When these factors were used to derive a clinical prediction rule the performance was moderate. As a consequence, prudence has to be taken when using the prediction rule in practice.     

Substantial sick-leave costs savings due to a graded activity intervention for workers with non-specific sub-acute low back pain

The objective of this study is to compare the costs and benefits of a graded activity (GA) intervention to usual care (UC) for sick-listed workers with non-specific low back pain (LBP). The study is a single-blind, randomized controlled trial with 3-year follow-up. A total of 134 (126 men and 8 women) predominantly blue-collar workers, sick-listed due to LBP were recruited and randomly assigned to either GA (N = 67; mean age 39 ± 9 years) or to UC (N = 67; mean age 37 ± 8 years). The main outcome measures were the costs of health care utilization during the first follow-up year and the costs of productivity loss during the second and the third follow-up year. At the end of the first follow-up year an average investment for the GA intervention of €475 per worker, only €83 more than health care utilization costs in UC group, yielded an average savings of at least €999 (95% CI: −1,073; 3,115) due to a reduction in productivity loss. The potential cumulative savings were an average of €1,661 (95% CI: −4,154; 6,913) per worker over a 3-year follow-up period. It may be concluded that the GA intervention for non-specific LBP is a cost-beneficial return-to-work intervention.     

Predictors for successful vocational rehabilitation for clients with back pain problems

Purpose. The aim of this study was to identify predicting factors for successful vocational rehabilitation for people with back pain problems.

Method. The study was based on data from 347 long-term sick-listed clients collected at the onset of vocational rehabilitation. The outcome was measured 6 months after the conclusion of rehabilitation.

Results. In a first bi-variate analysis, a considerable number of variables were associated with the rehabilitation outcome. In a second multivariate analysis, only four associations remained. These were age, general health, vitality and internal locus of control. Young vital clients in good general health, with a high internal locus of control were more likely than others to return to work.

Conclusion. The findings regarding age, general health and vitality are well in line with previous studies. The findings regarding internal locus of control are more unique.     

Predictors for successful vocational rehabilitation for clients with back pain problems

Purpose. The aim of this study was to identify predicting factors for successful vocational rehabilitation for people with back pain problems.

Method. The study was based on data from 347 long-term sick-listed clients collected at the onset of vocational rehabilitation. The outcome was measured 6 months after the conclusion of rehabilitation.

Results. In a first bi-variate analysis, a considerable number of variables were associated with the rehabilitation outcome. In a second multivariate analysis, only four associations remained. These were age, general health, vitality and internal locus of control. Young vital clients in good general health, with a high internal locus of control were more likely than others to return to work.

Conclusion. The findings regarding age, general health and vitality are well in line with previous studies. The findings regarding internal locus of control are more unique.     

Factors affecting long-term sick leave in an industrial population

Factors affecting long-term absenteeism for non-accident-related sickness leave in a large, remotely located factory (Dead Sea Industry, Israel) were evaluated. About 10% (89 persons) of the workers were found to be on sick leave for more than 20 days/year. This group was designated as high absence workers (HAW). Most of the sickness absence were for repeated short-term leaves due to intercurrent diseases, rather than for continuous periods related to a major or single illness. Average cumulative duration of sick leave in this group was 54 days/year. The average number of spells was 11 per year (4.9 days/spell). There were significantly more HAW among skilled (relative risk, R.R. = 1.6) workers or shift workers (R.R. = 1.3), compared to white collar workers. There were significantly fewer HAW among workers 35–49 years of age (7.6%) than among younger (12.5%) or older workers (13.8%). Except for possible hearing loss in one worker, no occupationally related illness was identified. Sixty-six percent of the HAW took many sick leaves, over 20 days during the year following the study year, and 52% of this group took over 20 days in the preceding year (usually for minor diseases or complaints). This pattern of long-term sickness absence indicates that various socioeconomic factors determine HAW to a greater extent than immediate occupational risks or health problems.This work was partially supported by a grant from the Committee of Prevention, the Israeli Ministry of Labor     

Sickness absence because of musculoskeletal diagnoses and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a nationwide Swedish cohort study

Knowledge regarding mortality as a potential consequence of being sickness absent because of musculoskeletal diagnoses is almost nonexistent. The association between sickness absence because of musculoskeletal diagnoses and risk of premature death was examined in a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study based on Swedish registers. Included were all 4,760,987 individuals who were living in Sweden December 31, 2005, aged 20 to 64 years, and not on disability or old-age pension. Those sickness absent in 2005 because of musculoskeletal diagnoses were compared to those sickness absent because of non-musculoskeletal diagnoses and to those with no sickness absence. Musculoskeletal diagnoses were categorized as follows: 1) artropathies/systemic connective tissue disorders; 2) dorsopathies; and 3) soft tissue disorders/osteopathies/chondropathies/other musculoskeletal disorders. All-cause mortality was followed from 2006 to 2009 and cause-specific mortality was followed from 2006 to 2008. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression. In models adjusted for socio-demographic factors, and morbidity, sickness absence because of all 3 categories of musculoskeletal diagnoses was associated with 1.3- to 1.5-fold increased risks of all-cause mortality (adjusted model, category 1 diagnoses, HR=1.50, 95% CI=1.38-1.63). Similar associations were observed among both women and men. Moreover, increased mortality risks due to tumors (HR=1.6-1.7), circulatory diseases (HR=1.2-1.5), mental disorders (HR=1.2-3.2), and suicide (HR=1.5-1.9) were observed among persons sickness absent because of musculoskeletal diagnoses. This nationwide cohort study reveals, for the first time, an increased risk of premature death among both women and men sickness absent because of musculoskeletal diagnoses after adjustment for several potential confounders.     

Occupational performance: Comparing normally-hearing and hearing-impaired employees using the Amsterdam Checklist for Hearing and Work

This study compares the occupational performance of employees with and without hearing impairment, and aims to identify occupational difficulties specifically related to hearing loss. The Amsterdam Checklist for Hearing and Work was administered to 150 hearing-impaired employees and 60 normally-hearing colleagues. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed to test group effects, and to examine differences between means. Factors predicting sick-leave were identified by regression analyses. A significant group effect (p?<?0.01) was found. Hearing-impaired employees differed from normally-hearing colleagues in their perception of ‘environmental noise’, ‘job control’ and the ‘necessity to use hearing activities’ at work. Also, sick-leave due to distress occurred significantly more often in the hearing impaired group (p?<?0.05). ‘Hearing impairment’, ‘job demand’, and the requirement to ‘recognize/distinguish between sounds’ were the strongest risk-factors for stress related sick-leave. The importance of hearing functions besides speech communication is discussed. Implications for rehabilitation are suggested. In future research, hearing loss should be considered as a risk factor for fatigue and mental distress which may lead to sick-leave.

Sumario

Este estudio compara el desempeño ocupacional de empleados con y sin trastorno auditivo y busca identificar dificultades laborales específicamente relacionadas con la hipoacusia. Se administró el Listado de Amsterdam para Audición y Trabajo a 150 trabajadores con trastornos auditivo y a 60 colegas normo-oyentes. Se realizó un análisis multivariado de varianza para evaluar efectos de grupo y para examinar diferencias entre las medias. Se identificaron los factores para predecir incapacidades por enfermedad por medio de análisis de regresión. Se encontró un significativo efecto de grupo (p?<?0.01. Los trabajadores hipoacúsicos fueron diferentes de los normo-oyentes en su percepción del “ruido ambiental”, del “control laboral” y de la “necesidad de utilizar actividades auditivas” en el trabajo. También, las incapacidades debidas a tensión ocurrieron significativamente más a menudo en el grupo de hipoacúsicos (p?<?0.05). Los “trastornos auditivos”, las “demandas del trabajo” y el requisito de “reconocer/distinguir sonidos” fueron los factores de riesgo más importantes para las incapacidades relacionadas con el estrés. Se discute la importancia de las funciones auditivas más allá de la comunicación por lenguaje. Se sugieren las implicaciones para la rehabilitación. En investigaciones futuras, la hipoacusia debe ser considerada como un factor de riesgo para fatiga y tensión mental que pueden conducir a incapacidades por enfermedad.