Family Stress and Functioning in Children: the Moderating Effects of Children''s Beliefs About Their Control Over Parental Conflict

While factors such as gender and SES have been studied as moderators of stress for children, their perceptions of control have received little attention. In the current study, children's domain-specific perceptions of their control during marital conflict were investigated as potential moderators of the impact of family stress on children's behavior problems, and perceptions of competence. Ninety-four children aged 6-12 years and mothers from families ranging in level of parental conflict from nondiscordant to discordant to physically violent were interviewed. Multiple regression analyses revealed that higher levels of conflict control beliefs acted as compensatory moderators of stress, being associated with lower levels of problem behaviors across stress levels. However, higher conflict control beliefs acted as vulnerability moderators with regard to children's perceptions of competence.     

Parents Expectations and Child Rearing Practices in Hong Kong

This paper reports on some aspects of interactions of parents with their children in Hong Kong. In particular some of the child rearing practices and their educational implications are presented. The study is an interview based research project in which 130 parents of children between the ages of birth-12 years gave their views about a range of issues including what they want for their child (expectations), how they discipline their child, who the parent goes to for advice on child rearing, how much homework the child does each day. The paper sheds some light on the difficult task of rearing children in a situation where traditional family practices are changing and where pre-schools and schools work in very formal ways.     

腹膜透析患者应对压力的方式与焦虑抑郁情绪的关系

目的：探讨应对压力的方式与腹膜透析患者的焦虑抑郁情绪的关系。方法：采用自填式结构问卷，对81例腹膜透析患者进行调查，了解患者的一般情况和患者应对措施，同时用综合性医院焦虑和抑郁情绪量表测量他们的焦虑与抑郁情绪。结果：控制年龄等因素后的等级回归分析表明：使用“面对”和“自我缓解”应对方式显著降低患者的焦虑情绪，采用“屈从”应对方式增加焦虑的发生；文化程度高的患者采用逃避应对方式则大大增加焦虑情绪的程度，女性和经济收入高者采用面对应对方式可以大大降低焦虑情绪的发生；“自我缓解”应对方式显著降低患者抑郁情绪发生的可能性。结论：不同的应对方式对腹膜透析患者的焦虑抑郁情绪存在差异。     

Perceived adherence to prescribed treatment in juvenile idiopathic arthritis over a one‐year period

Objective

To document perceived adherence to treatment (taking medications and performing exercises) in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) over a 1‐year period and to identify related factors.

Methods

We surveyed parents of patients with JIA at the Montreal Children's Hospital and British Columbia's Children's Hospital in Vancouver. Parents were asked to respond to a series of questionnaires every 3 months over a 12‐month period. Perceived adherence was evaluated on a 100‐mm visual analog scale (VAS) in the Parent Adherence Report Questionnaire (PARQ). Parental coping, distress, child function, disease severity and duration, perceived helpfulness of treatment, problems encountered, and sociodemographic data were also assessed.

Results

The mean age of our sample of 175 children was 10.2 years; mean age at diagnosis was 6.1 years and mean disease duration was 4.1 years. Perceived adherence to medications was consistently high, with average adherence at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months being 86.1, 91.7, 90.4, 92.0, and 88.8, respectively, on the PARQ VAS. Perceived adherence to exercise was lower but remained steady, with corresponding means of 54.5, 64.1, 61.2, 63.0, and 54.3, respectively. Using generalized estimating equation analysis, factors associated with higher perceived adherence to medications included perceived helpfulness of medications and lower disease severity; those associated with higher perceived adherence to exercise were younger age of the child, child involvement in responsibility for treatment, and higher perceived helpfulness of the treatment.

Conclusion

Belief in helpfulness of treatment is associated with higher parental perceived adherence to treatment.     

Mother and father involvement in day care centers serving infants and young toddlers

This study compared the involvement of 28 mothers and their spouses in day care centers serving infants and toddlers. The sample consisted of parents who work at varying distances from the center. Parents were interviewed ten times each to determine the amount of time they spend in the center, frequency of communication with care providers, mid-day visits to the center, playing with the child, and holding the child in the center. Factor analysis reduced these variables to one parental involvement factor. Mothers were significantly more involved than fathers in the center, after statistically controlling for distance to the workplace and occupational status.     

成年罪犯人格特征及父母教养方式的相关分析

目的：了解成年罪犯的人格特征及探讨父母教养方式与其人格的相关性。方法：对139名成年男性罪犯进行EPQ人格问卷,EMBU父母教养方式量表测试。结果：罪犯E、N、P分高于常模,L分低于常模,暴力型犯罪E分高于财产型犯罪。幼时家庭不完整者的“父母情感温暖、理解”、“父亲偏爱被试”因子分比幼时家庭完整者低。“父母情感温暖、理解”,“母亲过分干涉、过分保护”因子与E因子显著相关;“母子过分干涉、保护”及“母亲拒绝、否认”因子与N因子显著相关;“父母惩罚严厉、拒绝否认”因子与P因子显著相关。结论：罪犯的人格特征与父母教养方式显著相关。     

男性抢劫罪犯的人格特征及其与父母教养方式的相关性研究

目的：通过对男性抢劫罪犯的人格特征，父母教养方式及二者之间的相关性的分析。探讨早期教育及家庭因素对人格发展的影响，从而为干预和预防犯罪提供依据。方法：使用“艾森克人格问卷”“父母养育方式问卷”对113名男性抢劫罪犯及97名正常男性进行对照分析。结果：EPQ显示抢劫罪犯的精神质与神经均高于对照组，而EMBU显示父母偏爱、拒绝，过度保护、处罚严厉等各因子分均明显高于对照组，而父母的惩罚、严厉、拒绝等与精神质、神经质呈显著负相关。结论，不正确的父母养育方式是人格偏差，以致于从事犯罪的危险因素。     

高中生应对方式及其与学业成绩的关系

目的:探讨高中生面对挫折和烦恼时应对方式的特点及其与学业成绩的关系。方法:以中学生应对方式评定问卷对649名高中生进行了调查。结果:女生比男生更倾向于采用发泄(因子均分2.4±0.7/2.7±0.7,F=23.32,P<0.01)和忍耐(3.2±0.7/3.0±0.8,F=5.08,P<0.05),而男生更倾向于采用幻想(2.4±0.9/2.1±0.8, F=15.52,P<0.01);重点中学比普通中学的高中生更多采用问题解决(3.3±0.6/3.1±0.7,F=20.85,P<0.011幻想(2.4±0.9/2.1±0.9,F=12.87,P<0.01)、退避(2.9±0.6/2.8±0.6,F=7.04,P<0.01)应对;来自城市和农村的高中生应对方式差异不显著;和睦安宁家庭气氛中的高中生采用问题解决应对显著多于偶尔争吵和经常争吵家庭中的高中生;民主型教养方式下的高中生比放任型教养方式的学生更多采用问题解决应对,权威型教养方式家庭中的高中生比民主型教养方式家庭中的高中生更多采用幻想应对。结论:高中生的应对方式存在性别差异。不同家庭气氛和不同教养方式以及学生在学业上的地位对应对方式也有一定影响,但城乡差别不明显。     

小学教师主观幸福感与社会支持、应对方式的关系

目的探讨小学教师主观幸福感与社会支持、应对方式的关系。方法采用主观幸福感指数量表、领悟社会支持量表和简易应对方式问卷对152名小学教师进行问卷调查。结果社会支持各维度、积极应对方式与主观幸福感各维度之间的相关均有显著意义。结论社会支持、积极应对方式是影响小学教师主观幸福感的重要因素。     

Long-term effects of infant rearing condition on the acquisition of dominance rank in juvenile and adult rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

We examined the effects of early rearing experience on the development of dominance status in 53 juvenile (age 3) and then in 38 adult (ages 5-8) rhesus macaques. Based on previous research investigating the behavioral outcomes of nursery-rearing, we predicted that mother-reared (MR) monkeys would outrank peer-only reared (PR) monkeys, which would in turn outrank surrogate/peer-reared (SPR) subjects. Juvenile MR and PR subjects did not differ in ranks, but monkeys from both rearing backgrounds outranked SPR cage-mates at age 3. Independent of rearing condition, high-ranking juveniles gained the most weight between ages 1-3, suggesting that low status may be associated with decreases in early weight gain. Adult MR subjects outranked both PR and SPR subjects, with PR animals occupying intermediate ranks. These results indicate that impoverished early experiences, such as adult absence and limited social interaction, are useful predictors of future social success in rhesus macaques.