鼻内镜下等离子低温射频治疗常年性变应性鼻炎的临床观察

目的探讨鼻内镜下等离子低温射频治疗常年性变应性鼻炎(PAR)的疗效及其优越性。方法在鼻内镜下用等离子低温射频治疗PAR48例,按照海口会议修订的“过敏性鼻炎诊断和疗效评定标准”,用计分法分别评定其疗效。结果该组48例术后随访半年进行评价,其中显效27.1%(13/48),有效58.3%(28/48),无效14.6%(7/48),总有效率为85.4%。疗效评分显示治疗前平均总分为(9.58±1.69)分,治疗后为(5.63±1.15)分(P<0.05)。结论鼻内镜下等离子低温射频烧灼筛前神经终末区域治疗PAR,具有简便、安全等优点,短期效果显著,特别适用于临床上应用抗组胺类药物及鼻内应用糖皮质激素治疗效果不甚理想及由于各种原因不能长期接受抗组胺类药物及鼻内应用糖皮质激素治疗的患者;但长期疗效有待进一步研究。     

人前列腺癌细胞PC-3M亚系u-PAR基因与蛋白质表达

为研究与人前列腺癌细胞（PC-3M）侵袭能力相关的靶分子，采用有限稀释法分离单克隆细胞株，并应用单层细胞侵袭等实验鉴定各亚系的体外侵袭能力；借助RT-PCR和免疫组化的方法，分别在转录和翻译水平检测5株侵袭能力不同的PC-3M亚系尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体（u-PAR)的表达。结果显示，高侵袭亚系-u-PAR基因mRNA的表达和蛋白质水平均明显高于低侵袭亚系，提示；PC-3M亚系u-PAR的高表达与其较强的侵袭能力密切相关，而u-PAR可能是抑制高侵袭亚系侵袭效应的一个重要靶分子。     

Reduction of intracerebral hemorrhage by rivaroxaban after tPA thrombolysis is associated with downregulation of PAR‐1 and PAR‐2

This study aimed to assess the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment in rivaroxaban compared with warfarin‐pretreated male Wistar rat brain after ischemia in relation to activation profiles of protease‐activated receptor‐1, ‐2, ‐3, and ‐4 (PAR‐1, ‐2, ‐3, and ‐4). After pretreatment with warfarin (0.2 mg/kg/day), low‐dose rivaroxaban (60 mg/kg/day), high‐dose rivaroxaban (120 mg/kg/day), or vehicle for 14 days, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced for 90 min, followed by reperfusion with tPA (10 mg/kg/10 ml). Infarct volume, hemorrhagic volume, immunoglobulin G leakage, and blood parameters were examined. Twenty‐four hours after reperfusion, immunohistochemistry for PARs was performed in brain sections. ICH volume was increased in the warfarin‐pretreated group compared with the rivaroxaban‐treated group. PAR‐1, ‐2, ‐3, and ‐4 were widely expressed in the normal brain, and their levels were increased in the ischemic brain, especially in the peri‐ischemic lesion. Warfarin pretreatment enhanced the expression of PAR‐1 and PAR‐2 in the peri‐ischemic lesion, whereas rivaroxaban pretreatment did not. The present study shows a lower risk of brain hemorrhage in rivaroxaban‐pretreated compared with warfarin‐pretreated rats following tPA administration to the ischemic brain. It is suggested that the relative downregulation of PAR‐1 and PAR‐2 by rivaroxaban compared with warfarin pretreatment might be partly involved in the mechanism of reduced hemorrhagic complications in patients receiving rivaroxaban in clinical trials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Protease-activated receptor 2 signaling upregulates angiogenic growth factors in renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly vascular tumor associated with expression of various angiogenic growth factors. The precise process of how these growth factors are regulated in RCC is not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests that protease activated receptors (PARs), a new family of G-protein coupled receptors, play a crucial role in vascular development and tumor progression through a variety of mechanisms. However, the nature of PAR expression in human RCC tissues and its function in regulating angiogenesis in RCC are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of PAR-2 in RCC. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry assays show that PAR-2 expression is significantly increased in human RCC tissue compared with the adjacent non-neoplastic kidney tissue. In RCC derived cells, PAR-2 is functional as evidenced by robust signaling through MAP kinases including ERK1/2 and JNK. Furthermore, activation of PAR-2 significantly upregulates several angiogenic cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, monocytes chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and growth-related oncogene (GRO). To our knowledge, this is the first report that characterized PAR-2 expression in RCC tissue and further demonstrated that PAR-2 has a critical role in regulating angiogenesis in RCC.     

The FHA and BRCT domains recognize ADP-ribosylation during DNA damage response

Poly-ADP-ribosylation is a unique post-translational modification participating in many biological processes, such as DNA damage response. Here, we demonstrate that a set of Forkhead-associated (FHA) and BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domains recognizes poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) both in vitro and in vivo. Among these FHA and BRCT domains, the FHA domains of APTX and PNKP interact with iso-ADP-ribose, the linkage of PAR, whereas the BRCT domains of Ligase4, XRCC1, and NBS1 recognize ADP-ribose, the basic unit of PAR. The interactions between PAR and the FHA or BRCT domains mediate the relocation of these domain-containing proteins to DNA damage sites and facilitate the DNA damage response. Moreover, the interaction between PAR and the NBS1 BRCT domain is important for the early activation of ATM during DNA damage response and ATM-dependent cell cycle checkpoint activation. Taken together, our results demonstrate two novel PAR-binding modules that play important roles in DNA damage response.     

Higher Dosage of HIFU Treatment May Lead to Higher and Longer Efficacy for Moderate to Severe Perennial Allergic Rhinitis

Objectives: This study was to compare the efficacies and side effects of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment for perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) with regular and increased dosage.Study design: A prospectively assembled cohort was retrospectively analyzed through visual analogue scale (VAS).Methods: Regular dosage of HIFU treatment was applied to 56 PAR patients in group A. An increased dosage as twice as the regular one was applied to 48 patients in group B. Nasal obstruction, sneezing, rhinorrhea and rhinocnesmus, which were recognized as the four main symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR), were evaluated before treatment, 3 months after treatment, and 1 year after treatment. The satisfaction of patients was also evaluated at 1 year postoperatively. Biopsy of the inferior turbinate and morphometric analysis were applied to 11 patients in group A and 10 in group B before HIFU treatment and 3 months after treatment.Results: Comparing the AR symptoms before treatment, There is no statistical difference observed between group A and B (p>0.05). The four main symptoms at 3 months and 1 year after treatment were all significantly improved (p<0.01) in both group A and B. The VAS scores of AR symptoms in Group B were lower than those in Group A at the same stage after treatment, especially at 1 year after treatment (p<0.05). Comparing the results at 3 months and 1 year after treatment, a tendency of recurrence of these symptoms was observed statistically in group A (p<0.05), but not in group B (p>0.05). More cases of nasal dryness and perirhinal swelling were found in group B than those in group A (p<0.05), while all side effects were mild and temporary. Patients in group B were more satisfied than those in group A (p=0.0866 >0.05), though not statistically significant. More reduction of the eosinophils, other inflammatory cells, and the submucosal glands was observed after HIFU treatment in group B than that in group A (p<0.05).Conclusions: A proper increment of HIFU dosage may be recommended to meet the needs of more improvement of AR symptoms and less recurrence.     

应用PAR指数评价骨性安氏Ⅱ类错（牙合）畸形矫治效果的临床研究

目的：测量骨性安氏Ⅱ类错畸形患者经拔牙或非拔牙矫治后的牙特征,以评价其临床治疗效果。方法应用PAR指数分别对采用拔牙或非拔牙矫治的两组青少年骨性安氏Ⅱ类错畸形患者（均21例）矫治后的牙模型进行定量测量,分析比较两组治疗后牙特征的差异。结果矫治后,拔牙组权重PAR总分为（0.62±0.74）,非拔牙组为（0.90±1.37）,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。其他PAR各分值两组均较低,差异亦无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。结论青少年骨性安氏Ⅱ类错畸形经拔牙与非拔牙矫治后,从牙特征方面评价均取得了满意的疗效。