不同膳食特点地区中老年人血红蛋白及其与膳食营养的关系

测定分析不同膳食特点地区975例年龄45～74岁中老年人的血红蛋白及其与膳食营养素的关系。结果牧民及城市居民贫血率低，北京及新疆托里分别为7.6％和4.6％。男性比女性血红蛋白高，血红蛋白随年龄增加而降低。相关分析结果血红蛋白与膳食热能、蛋白质、动物蛋白质与总蛋白质比值呈显著正相关。结果说明血红蛋白可用于中老年人营养状态监测。     

饮食习惯与肺癌关系的病例—对照研究

为探明上海市女性非吸烟者肺癌与饮食习惯的关系，作者于１９９２年２月１日￣１９９３年１２月３１日在上海市区开展了一项基于全人群的病例对照研究，共调查非吸烟女性肺癌新发病例５０４例和按频数配对的年龄相差５岁以内的女性非吸烟对照６０１人。在调查了年龄、经济收入等因素后，发现蔬菜、水果和β－胡萝卜素、维生素Ｃ等营养素的摄入量与肺癌危险性呈负相关，线性趋势均有显著性。与最高摄入组相比，蔬菜、水果、β－胡萝卜     

喂饲泵应用的临床观察及护理

目的 探讨用喂饲泵行肠内营养摄入的临床应用价值。方法 实验组30例采用喂饲泵控制肠内营养液的滴入速度，对照组采用传统方法，用20ml或50ml注射器灌注营养液，观察两组并发症的发生情况，所得量化指标进行卡方检验。结果实验组其返流、呕吐、腹胀、吸入性肺炎的发生率明显低于对照组。结论应用喂饲泵行肠内营养的摄入，可有效预防并发症的发生。     

Comparison of gastric, duodenal and jejunal contributions to the inhibition of food intake in the rat

Rats equipped with tubes leading to their stomach, duodenum or jejunum were infused with a liquid diet for 9 hr (4 ml/hr) and were allowed to eat during the last 8 hr of infusion. All rats ate significantly less on diet infusion days than on saline or no infusion days. A second study showed that a taste aversion could not be conditioned to flavored water associated with diet infusion. Apparently, intrajejunal injection of nutrients produces satiety and not discomfort. Infusion of the diet for 5 consecutive days into the stomach, duodenum or jejunum consistently and significantly lowered food intake by reducing meal size, not meal frequency. Results suggest that the small intestine below the infusion site contributes to normal satiety.     

Nutrient composition: effects on appetite in monkeys with oral factors held constant

The effects of macronutrients on appetite and total caloric intake in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was studied using a new feeding and infusion system which yoked intragastric infusion of various nutrients to oral ad lib intake and removed the confounding factor of palatability from the assessment of nutrient effects on feeding behavior. A suction-activated liquid diet feeding system provided free access to a nutritionally complete diet, with 1 ml of diet delivered orally by pump with each discrete suck by the monkey. A second pump was yoked to the oral feeding pump and delivered various nutrients directly into the stomach via an implanted intragastric cannula. Thus, while oral diet composition remained constant, the net diet reaching the stomach varied over ranges of 28 to 77% carbohydrate, 16 to 65% fat and 7 to 36% protein. No significant differences in total caloric intake were observed between intakes of diets with net composition of high carbohydrate or high fat. When protein was increased to 36%, total caloric intake was generally reduced, and this effect was sustained for at least 3 weeks. Therefore, protein appears to have an increased specific satiating effect beyond the caloric content, when compared to carbohydrate or fat.     

Why women may live longer than men do? A telomere-length regulated and diet-based entropic assessment

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Two-stage vertical flow multi-soil-layering (MSL) technology for efficient removal of coliforms and human pathogens from domestic wastewater in rural areas under arid climate

This paper investigates the removal efficiency of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, coliforms and pathogens from rural domestic wastewater in a two-stage vertical flow multi-soil-layering (MSL) system. The effects of wastewater quality, season and arid climate conditions on pollutants removal efficiency by the system were examined for one year. The experimental setup included two similar MSL systems composed of two layers: soil-mixture-layers (SML) and gravel permeable layers (PL) that are arranged in a brick like pattern. The applied hydraulic loading rate was 1000 L m^?2 day^?1. Results showed that most of the physicochemical contaminants elimination occurred while the wastewater percolated through the first MSL stage. The second stage demonstrated an improvement in the reduction of all pollutants, especially fecal bacteria indicators and pathogens. The mean overall removal rates performed by the two-stage MSL system were 97% for TSS, 96% for BOD₅, 91% for COD, 96% for TN and 95% for TP. For bacterial indicators, the combination of two-stage MSL system achieved high log removals between 2.21 and 3.15 log units. Contaminants reduction processes in MSL technology are more dependent on internal than external environmental factors. The effectiveness of the two-stage MSL system to treat domestic wastewater was strongly influenced by wastewater quality. Significant relationships between influent contaminants level and their removal efficiency were found. The efficiency of MSL technology to reduce contaminants is not sensitive to season and air temperature fluctuations. This is due to the capacity of MSL system materials to withstand the air temperature variation, which highlights one of the advantages of MSL’s technology. Wastewater quality is the most important factor affecting the removal of contaminants in the MSL, which could be a critical parameter to considered when designing MSL system. Two-stage MSL system achieved a high treated wastewater quality amenable for treated wastewater reuse in agriculture recommended by Moroccan code of practice. Therefore, the combination of two-stage vertical flow MSL system could be considered an efficient and promising domestic wastewater treatment solution in arid countries to promote environmental protection and wastewater reuse.     

造血干细胞移植患者肠外营养支持的临床观察

目的探讨肠外营养（PN）支持对造血干细胞移植患者的重要性及各种营养素的作用。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2009年9月106例接受造血干细胞移植患者的临床资料,根据营养支持方式不同分为PN组（n=42）和非PN组（n=64）,比较两组患者在造血重建时间、口腔黏膜炎、肝功能异常、感染及移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）发生率等方面的差异;进一步分析核黄素、谷氨酰胺、结构脂肪乳等营养素的作用。结果接受PN支持的42例患者中,包含接受核黄素的患者33例,谷氨酰胺24例,结构脂肪乳26例。PN组患者的口腔黏膜炎发生率显著低于非PN组（31．0％比51．6％,P=0．036）,而两组的感染率（42．9％比46．9％,P=0．898）、GVHD发生率（21．4％比31．3％,P=0．267）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）水平[（49．5±9．8）U／L比（69．9±10．9）U／L,P=0．196]、粒系重建时间[（11．6±0．3）d比（12．3±0．3）d,P=0．187]及血小板重建时间[（14．1±0．9）d比（13．3±0．4）d,P=0．386]差异均无统计学意义。核黄素组的口腔黏膜炎发生率为27．3％,有低于无核黄素组（44．4％）和非PN组（51．6％）的趋势,但差异无统计学意义（P=0．073）。谷氨酰胺组、无谷氨酰胺组和非PN组在口腔黏膜炎发生率、感染率、GVHD发生率、ALT水平及造血重建时间方面的差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结构脂肪乳组的ALT平均值为（38．7±4．9）U／L,有低于物理混合的中长链脂肪乳组[（68．5±23．0）U／L]和非PN组[（69．9±10．9）U／L]的趋势,但差异无统计学意义（P=0．243）。结论造血干细胞移植患者可从合理的PN中获益。核黄素对口腔黏膜炎的预防可能有益。结构脂肪乳与中长链脂肪乳对于肝脏功能具有同样的安全性。谷氨酰胺的作用有待进一步研究。     

Evaluación de la alimentación y consumo de nutrientes en menores de 3 años. Estudio piloto ALSALMA

ObjectiveThe present study evaluates energy and nutrient intake in Spanish children under three years of age, and compares the results with the current recommendations in order to identify possible inadequate nutrient intake.Patients and methodsA cross-sectional pilot study. The mothers completed a diet diary for four non-consecutive days, recording the products and amounts consumed by their children. Nutrient intake was calculated, and the results were compared with the dietary reference intakes (DRI) for each age group.ResultsA total of 188 children (93 boys and 95 girls) aged 0-6 (n = 41), 7-12 (n = 24), 13-24 (n = 57), and 25-36 months (n = 66) were included. Statistically significant differences in DRI were observed for most of the nutrients analyzed. Protein intake, in particular was 376% of DRI in children between 1-3 years of age. By age groups, 96% of the children aged 7-12 months, 88% of the children aged 13-24 months, and 97% of the children aged 25-36 months showed protein intakes more than two-fold DRI.ConclusionsNutrient intake differed from the DRI, particularly as regards proteins. A new study is required to determine whether the observed study deviations could be representative of the national population of this age group, as well as the possible effects on child health.