大鼠上丘一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的发育

目的：研究大鼠胚胎时期及生后早期一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性神经元在上丘的分布，进一步探讨一氧化氮(NO)在上丘发育过程中的作用。方法：应用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH—d)组织化学方法观察孕17d起至生后14d大鼠上丘NOS阳性神经元的发育。结果：孕20d上丘深白层与深灰层出现NOS阳性神经元。P0上丘中层也观察到NOS阳性神经元。随着发育，阳性神经元增多，胞体增大，染色加深。到P14，视神经层出现少许：NOS阳性神经元，浅灰层观察到大量的NOS阳性神经元。结论：胚胎20天上丘深层首先出现NOS阳性神经元并沿腹背方向发生，提示NO在上丘发育过程中起着重要作用。     

Differential distribution of parvalbumin- and calbindin-D28K-immunoreactive neurons in the rat periaqueductal gray matter and their colocalization with enzymes producing nitric oxide

The distribution, colocalization with enzymes producing nitric oxide (NO), and the synaptic organization of neurons containing two calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) – parvalbumin (Parv) and calbindin-D28K (Calb) – were investigated in the rat periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). Parv-immunopositive (Parv_IP) neurons were detected in the mesencephalic nucleus and rarely in the PAG. Calb_IP neurons were found both in the dorsolateral (PAG-dl) and ventrolateral PAG (PAG-vl); their size ranged from 112.96 μm² (PAG-dl) to 125.13 μm² (PAG-vl). Ultrastructurally Parv and Calb immunoreactivity was mostly found in dendritic profiles. Axon terminals containing each of the two CaBPs formed symmetric synapses. Moreover both Parv and Calb were used to label a subpopulation of NO-producing neurons. Colocalization was investigated using two protocols: (i) a combination of Calb and Parv immunocytochemistry (Icc) with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry (Hi) and (ii) neuronal NO synthase-Icc (nNOS) (immunofluorescence).Both techniques demonstrated a complete lack of colocalization of Parv and NADPH-d/nNOS in PAG neurons.Double-labeled (DL) neurons (Calb-NADPH-d; Calb-nNOS) were detected in PAG-dl. NADPH-d-Hi/Calb-Icc indicated that 41–47% of NADPH-d-positive neurons contained Calb, whereas 17–23% of Calb_IP cells contained NADPH-d. Two-color immunofluorescence revealed that 53–66% of nNOS_IP cells colocalized with Calb and 24–34% of Calb_IP neurons contained nNOS. DL neuron size was 104.44 μm²; neurons labeled only with NADPH-d or Calb measured 89.793 μm² and 113.48 μm², respectively.Together with previous findings (Barbaresi et al. [2012]) these data suggest that:

• (i) PAG-dl and PAG-vl contain fast CaBPs, (ii) a high degree of heterogeneity exists in PAG-dl, (iii) two subpopulations of NO-producing neurons containing distinct CaBPs are found in PAG-dl.

Therefore the important aspect of the PAG intrinsic organization emerging from this and previous double-labeling studies is the chemical diversity of NO-synthesizing neurons, which is likely related to the different functions in which these neurons are involved.     

失血性休克大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质腹外侧区一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的变化

目的 观察失血性休克大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）腹外侧区的一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性神经元的变化。方法 取雄性SD大鼠20只随机分成4组,即对照组（假手术组）、休克时组、休克45 min组和休克90 min组。对照组仅进行左股动脉插管而不放血;其他各组经左股动脉插管放血复制失血性休克模型。分别在休克时、休克45 min和休克90 min灌注固定后取脑干进行冰冻切片,行NADPH-d组化染色观察,并对各组PAG腹外侧区尾段的NOS阳性神经元和其背内侧NOS阳性突起密度进行比较。结果 PAG腹外侧区尾段的NOS阳性神经元密度的变化无统计学意义（P〉0.01）,但在失血性休克后NOS阳性神经元染色明显加深,其背内侧突起增密,变化有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 大鼠PAG腹外侧区的NOS阳性神经元可能参与了失血性休克的发生发展,并且发挥着影响。     

nNOS介导小鼠局灶性脑梗死后氧化DNA损伤的机制研究

目的 探讨还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)阳性神经元表达与脑梗死后DNA损伤修复过程的相关性.方法 制作小鼠前脑缺血-再灌注模型(FbIR), 夹闭双侧颈总动脉90 min后恢复血流, 再灌注15 min后处死动物制作脑组织冰冻切片.A组(n=10):FbIR90/15 min;B组(n=4):FbIR90/15 min 3BR7NI;C组(n=10):假手术对照组;D组(n=4):采用组织化学染色法观察NADPH-d阳性神经以元的分布.A、B两组分别用大肠杆菌核苷酸外切酶Ⅲ敏感位点法(escherichia coli exonuclease Ⅲ sensitive sites,EXOSS) 检测AP位点和3′-PO4末端型两种氧化DNA损伤.用EXOSS检测AP位点和3′-PO4末端型 两种氧化DNA损伤;采用组织化学染色法观察NADPH-d 阳性神经元的分布.结果 EXOSS法可检测到大脑不同部位的氧化DNA损伤,主要集中在大脑皮质区、下丘脑弓形核区、纹状体和海马区;特异性NOS抑制剂3BR7NI明显减弱全脑的EXOSS信号强度(P<0.000 1),差异有显著性, 其作用主要表现在大脑皮质区,而对下丘脑的弓型核等区作用较弱; NADPH-d 阳性神经元主要分布在大脑皮层、纹状体、丘脑和齿状核,下丘脑的弓型核区仅见少量染色,EXOSS / NADPH-d的表达对比显示, 在大脑皮质区EXOSS信号主要在NADPH-d阳性神经元中.结论 脑梗死后大脑不同区域氧化DNA损伤的机制不一, 3BR7NI仅消除大脑皮层区的EXOSS 染色, 而对下丘脑弓形核区的作用不大, 本研究从形态学证实了大脑皮层区nNOS可能参与了脑梗死后氧化DNA损伤修复过程,而下丘脑的弓型核区的这一过程可能有其他机制参与.     

Colocalization of SOM and NOS in the neurons of raphe nuclei innervating the pharyngeal muscles in the rats: PRV,SOM and NADPH d triplelabelingstudy

Swallowingisacomplexnervereflex.Pharyngealmusculatureistheimportantmuscleofswallowing.Themotorneuronsinnervatingthepharyngealmusculaturewerelocatedinthesemicompactpartofthenucleusambiguus(NA)[l.21.TheefferentfibersfromtheraphenucleiprojecttotheNAandnucleusofsolitarytract(NTS),andmodulatethefunctionofvisceralorgans.Theraphenucleihavebeenshowntocontainsomatostatinergicfibersandcellbodiesinadditiontoserotoninergicones[3].Besidestheimportantregulationoftheendocrines,somatostatinergic(SOM)also…     

Cyto- and Chemoarchitecture of Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix Jacchus)

The cyto- and chemoarchitecture of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) was investigated in the lower primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). A large population of magnocellular, hyperchromic, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons was detected in the marmoset basal forebrain. The distribution of these neurons was similar to those in higher primates. Thus, ChAT-positive neurons were observed in the medial septum (Ch2), the vertical (Ch2) and horizontal (Ch3) limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (Ch4). The Ch4 complex was relatively well differentiated and displayed distinct sectors. We detected anterior (Ch4a, with a medial and a lateral subdivision), intermediate (Ch4i, with a dorsal and a ventral subdivision), and posterior (Ch4p) sectors in the marmoset Ch4. The Ch4i was relatively small while the Ch4p was large. Similar to the rodent, the marmoset Ch1 extended quite a distance posteriorly, and the Ch4p displayed a major interstitial component distributed within the globus pallidus, its medullary laminae, and the internal capsule. Virtually all of the marmoset BFCN displayed acetylcholinesterase activity, and low affinity (p75^NTR) and high affinity (Trk) neurotrophin receptor immunoreactivity. A majority contained immunoreactivity for calbindin-D_28K and calretinin. Many of the Ch4 neurons also displayed tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. The BFCN lacked galanin immunoreactivity, but were innervated by galanin-positive fibers. None of the marmoset BFCN were NADPH-d-positive. Thus, the BFCN display major anatomical and biochemical differences in the marmoset when compared with higher primates. The marmoset BFCN also display many characteristics common to other primates. This fact, combined with the relatively short life span of the marmoset, indicates that this species may be ideal for studies of age-related changes in the BFCN.     

NADPH-d/NOS reactivity in the lumbar dorsal horn of congenitally hypothyroid pups before and after formalin pain induction

We have previously demonstrated that congenitally hypothyroid rat pups exhibit altered behavioral response to formalin pain induction during postnatal period. In the present study, using NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and NOS immunostaining, we investigated the effect of congenital hypothyroidism on the NOS expression in spinal cord of intact neonates at postnatal days of 15 and 21. We also examined the effect of thyroid dysfunction on the NADPH-d/NOS expression in response to formalin nociception. Congenital hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment started from gestational day 16 and continued to postnatal day 15 or 21. Congenitally hypothyroid pups exhibited marked reduction in NADPH-d reactive cells (84% and 66% in P15 and P21, respectively; P < 0.001) and NOS-ir cells (52% and 91% in P15 and P21, respectively; P < 0.001) in superficial lumbar dorsal horn laminae (I–II) as compared to that of normal pups. Moreover, in congenitally hypothyroid pups the NADPH-d/NOS expression following hindpaw formalin injection did not change significantly. Our results demonstrate that congenital hypothyroidism affect developmental expression of NOS in spinal dorsal horn, which may in part explain the altered behavioral pain response as we previously reported in hypothyroid pups.     

The effect of age on colocalization of acetylcholinesterase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase staining in enteric neurons in an experimental model

Purpose

Cholinergic and nitrergic neurons form 2 main subpopulations of the myenteric neurons, and they have been the targets of detailed morphological investigations in bowel motility disorders. However, little is known regarding the colocalization of neurotransmitters within the same enteric neurons. The aim of this study was to determine the histochemical colocalization of cholinergic and nitrergic neurons in the porcine distal large bowel myenteric plexus from fetal to adulthood.

Methods

Distal large bowel specimens were taken from 6 randomly selected age groups (3 animals in each group) from midway of gestation to adulthood. The myenteric plexus was exposed using whole-mount technique. After nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining, cells per ganglion were counted. Then the specimens were stained with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the cells that were stained with individual enzymes and with both enzymes were counted.

Results

Colocalization of AChE and NADPH-d was seen in all age groups, and it was highest during the mid part of gestation (30%) and decreased steadily thereafter into adulthood (8%). The individual number of NADPH-d- and AChE-positive neurons per ganglion remained constant till 4 weeks of age and significantly increased thereafter into adulthood.

Conclusion

The use of double-labeling histochemical technique shows for the first time the colocalization of cholinergic and nitrergic activity in a large population of enteric neurons in the late fetal and newborn period. Age-related loss of cholinergic and nitrergic colocalization in the myenteric plexus is most likely a maturational process.     

Acute restraint increases NADPH-diaphorase staining in distinct subregions of the rat dorsal raphe nucleus: implications for raphe serotonergic and nitrergic transmission

The brainstem dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) maintains a rough topographic cell ordering with respect to biological function. This study examined the influence of acute restraint on nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) neurons in distinct DRN subregions. NADPH diaphorase staining (NOS index) intensity was higher in the DRN dorsomedial, ventromedial and lateral wings subregions of restrained vs. control rats. The mean number of cells was not significantly different between both groups of animals. The restrained-induced NADPH-diaphorase activity was significantly higher in the rostral ventromedial and caudal lateral wings than the corresponding caudal and rostral subregions but no significant difference was observed between rostral and caudal dorsomedial subregions. These observations suggest that restraint stress differentially activates NO-producing neurons in distinct DRN subregions.     

口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)神经系统一氧化氮合酶的NADPH-d组织化学定位研究

运用NADPH-d组织化学整体染色的方法研究了甲壳纲动物—口虾蛄神经系统一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的分布。脑神经节中有少量来自腹神经链的纤维呈阳性;每侧联合神经节中各有一个阳性细胞(直径约75μm);食道下神经节的阳性细胞可分为两类,即小型强阳性细胞(直径约40μm)和大型弱阳性细胞(直径约90μm),前者的阳性突起构成节间联系;胸神经节的阳性细胞也可分为两种类型,每节有4个小型强阳性反应细胞(直径约60μm)和6~10个大型弱反应细胞(直径约80μm),小细胞发出的突起进入中央纤维网尔后构成不同体节的神经节间联系;腹部前五个体节的神经节中各有5对阳性细胞(直径约80μm),腹部最后一个神经节阳性细胞数量较多,其末端有一对阳性细胞(直径约55μm)其突起经中线处交叉后前行进入腹神经索。结果说明:NOS广泛存在于口虾蛄神经系统中,NO作为信息分子参与其信息传递过程。