MNU诱导的大白鼠膀胱肿瘤模型的建立及病理学动态观察

目的观察N-甲基亚硝基脲（MNU）诱发SD大鼠膀胱癌模型的建立及病理学动态过程。方法MNU大鼠膀胱灌注每2周1次，每次2mg，共4次。随机观察实验第3、6、9、12、14周膀胱黏膜的改变，并在9、12和10周膀胱灌注^125I-UdR后行SPECT平面显像。结果膀胱灌注3周出现不典型增生，6周有原位癌改变，9周膀胱内有明显癌性肿块，12～14周膀胱内均出现乳头状癌或浸润性癌，9周的致癌率100．0％，组织学改变及病理学特征与人膀胱癌十分相似。SPECT显像见^125I-UdR膀胱灌注3d后诱癌组大鼠膀胱区放射性浓集。结论MNU灌注诱导大鼠膀胱癌模型为一理想的动物模型。致癌过程经历不典型增生、乳头状瘤形成和癌变动态过程。     

即早基因在N-甲基-N-亚硝脲诱导SD大鼠视网膜变性中的表达

目的研究N-甲基-N-亚硝脲(N-m ethyl-N-n itrosourea,MNU)对SD大鼠视网膜毒性的分子机制。方法于♀SD大鼠出生后50 d,一次腹腔注射(ip)MNU 60 mg.kg-1。在MNU处理不同时间后,处死大鼠,取眼球。进行组织学检查;TUNEL试剂盒检测光感受器细胞凋亡;RT-PCR法检测基因c-jun和c-fos的表达。结果MNU作用24 h后,视网膜光感受器外节部定向紊乱;7 d后,外颗粒层和光感受层几乎完全消失。MNU作用12 h后,光感受器细胞开始发生凋亡,24 h达高峰。MNU可时间依赖性地上调即早基因的表达。结论MNU对视网膜的毒性作用是通过增加基因c-jun和c-fos的表达,从而诱导光感受器细胞发生凋亡。     

杞菊地黄汤对化学诱导光感受器细胞凋亡大鼠的治疗观察

目的观察不同剂量杞菊地黄汤对N甲基N亚硝脲(NmethylNnitrosourea,MNU)诱导的大鼠光感受器细胞凋亡的影响。方法SD大鼠分为正常组、模型对照组以及杞菊地黄汤6倍、3倍、1倍和1/3倍各剂量组。TUNEL法检测光感受器细胞的凋亡,常规HE染色测量视网膜外核层的厚度。结果与模型对照组相比,3倍与1倍剂量杞菊地黄汤能显著降低MNU诱导的大鼠外核层细胞凋亡百分率(P<0.01),维持外核层厚度(P<0.01);6倍和1/3倍剂量杞菊地黄汤组大鼠与模型组无差异(P>0.05)。结论3倍与1倍剂量的杞菊地黄汤对MNU诱导的光感受器细胞凋亡有抑制作用。     

F344大鼠膀胱肿瘤模型的制备与检测

目的通过膀胱灌注N-甲基亚硝基脲(MNU)诱导F344大鼠膀胱肿瘤模型。方法选取F344大鼠40只,随机分为两组第1组膀胱灌注生理盐水(对照组),第2组膀胱灌注MNU(MNU组),每2周1次,共5次;于第14周处死动物,取血清测干扰素(INF-γ),膀胱肿瘤组织测主要组织相容性抗原-I(MHC-I)及病理观察。结果MNU组出现膀胱肿瘤,对照组无1例肿瘤;对照组血清INF-γ为(9.620±7.256)pg/ml,实验组为(0.898±0.323)pg/ml,两组相比有统计学意义(P<0.001)。实验组膀胱肿瘤的MHC-I表达较高(58.60%～93.80%)。结论MNU可成功诱导F344大鼠膀胱肿瘤,该模型是肿瘤免疫治疗的理想模型。     

金雀异黄素抑制大鼠膀胱肿瘤作用的实验研究

目的探讨金雀异黄素对N-甲基亚硝基脲(MNU)诱导的SD大鼠膀胱肿瘤的抑制作用。方法将60只大鼠随机分成3组,用MNU诱导成膀胱肿瘤,实验1组和实验2组分别经腹腔注射金雀异黄素0.5、1.0mg/kg,每两日1次;对照组用同样的方式注射生理盐水。利用统计方法和病理分级来分析金雀异黄素对MNU诱导的SD大鼠膀胱肿瘤的抑制作用。结果实验1组和实验2组与对照组比较,在体质量减少值、肿瘤个数、抑瘤率等方面,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验1组和实验2组的癌变率相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论金雀异黄素对大鼠膀胱肿瘤有抑制作用,剂量越大,对肿瘤癌变抑制作用越强。     

Loss of photic entrainment at low illuminances in rats with acute photoreceptor degeneration

In several species, an acute injection of N -methyl- N -nitrosourea (MNU) induces a retinal degeneration characterized principally by a rapid loss of the outer nuclear layer, the other layers remaining structurally intact. It has, however, also been reported that down-regulation of melanopsin gene expression is associated with the degeneration and is detectable soon after injection. Melanopsin is expressed by a small subset of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and plays an important role in circadian behaviour photoentrainment. We injected MNU into Long Evans rats and investigated the ability of animals to entrain to three light/dark cycles of different light intensities (300, 15 and 1 lux). Control animals entrained their locomotor activity rhythms to the three cycles. In contrast, MNU-treated animals could only entrain properly to the 300 lux cycle. For the 15 lux cycle, their phase angle was much altered compared with control animals, and for the 1 lux cycle, MNU-injected animals were unable to photoentrain and exhibited an apparent free-run activity pattern with a period of 24.3 h. Subsequent to behavioural studies the animals were killed and rod, cone, melanopsin expression and melanopsin-expressing cells were quantified. Rod and cone loss was almost complete, melanopsin protein was reduced by 83% and melanopsin-expressing cells were reduced by 37%. Our study provides a comprehensive model of photoreceptor degeneration at the adult stage and a simple and versatile method to investigate the relation between retinal photoreceptors and the circadian system.     

灵芝孢子油对N-甲基-N-亚硝酸脲诱导的大鼠视网膜损伤中Caspase-3表达的影响

目的观察灵芝孢子油(ganoderma spore oil,GSO)对N-甲基-N亚硝酸脲(N-methyl-N-nitrosourea,MNU)诱导的视网膜外核层细胞损伤的作用及对Caspase-3时空表达的影响。方法50d♀SD大鼠随机分为正常对照(NC)组、MNU造模(MNU)组、二十二碳六烯酸处理(DHA)组和灵芝孢子油处理(GSO)组。各组分别于MNU造模前0h及造模后1d、3d、7d、10d处死大鼠取材,采用RT-PCR、免疫荧光技术检测视网膜中Caspase-3表达和分布的变化,TUNEL法检测视网膜细胞凋亡情况。结果①RT-PCR检测:与NC组比较,MNU组1d、3d、7d视网膜Caspase-3表达增强(P<0.01);GSO组和DHA组1d、3d低于MNU组(P<0.01),1dGSO组表达较DHA组低(P<0.01)。②免疫荧光检测:在3d,GSO组和DHA组Caspase-3表达水平低于MNU组,GSO组较DHA组稍弱。③TUNEL法检测:NC组在视网膜各层均未发现凋亡细胞,MNU造模后可见外核层细胞凋亡。GSO组和DHA组在1d、3d外核层细胞凋亡百分率少于对应的MNU组(P<0.01),3d GSO组低于DHA组(P<0.01)。结论灵芝孢子油可能通过下调视网膜Caspase-3的表达,阻抑MNU诱导的视网膜外核层光感受器细胞凋亡的作用。     

银杏苦内酯B对N-甲基-N-亚硝脲诱导的大鼠视网膜细胞凋亡的抑制作用

目的: 探讨银杏苦内酯B(GB)对N-甲基-N-亚硝脲(MNU)诱导的大鼠视网膜变性的影响及其机制。方法: 建立大鼠视网膜变性模型,应用TUNEL法检测光感受器细胞凋亡,RT-PCR法和免疫组织化学法分别检测MNU作用后不同时间大鼠视网膜中bcl-2和bax mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果: GB治疗组外核层细胞凋亡指数显著低于模型组(P<0.01)。MNU作用后12 h、1 d、2 d、3 d和5 d,bcl-2/bax mRNA模型组为0.36、0.15、0.29、0.42和0.64,GB治疗组为0.98、0.92、0.53、0.45和0.68,显著高于模型组(P<0.01)。GB治疗组Bcl-2蛋白在MNU给药后1 d表达最强,2 d阳性表达下降,3 d后阳性表达消失,模型组未见视网膜Bcl-2阳性表达;GB治疗组Bax蛋白表达显著低于模型组(P<0.01)。结论: 银杏苦内酯B能抑制MNU诱导的视网膜光感受器细胞凋亡,可能与上调Bcl-2的表达量,提高Bcl-2/Bax比值有关。     

Diuron metabolites and urothelial cytotoxicity: In vivo,in vitro and molecular approaches

Diuron is carcinogenic to the rat urinary bladder at high dietary levels. The proposed mode of action (MOA) for diuron is urothelial cytotoxicity and necrosis followed by regenerative urothelial hyperplasia. Diuron-induced urothelial cytotoxicity is not due to urinary solids. Diuron is extensively metabolized, and in rats, N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (DCPU) and 4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl urea (2-OH-DCPU) were the predominant urinary metabolites; lesser metabolites included N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea (DCPMU) and trace levels of 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA). In humans, DCPMU and DCPU have been found in the urine after a case of product abuse. To aid in elucidating the MOA of diuron and to evaluate the metabolites that are responsible for the diuron toxicity in the bladder epithelium, we investigated the urinary concentrations of metabolites in male Wistar rats treated with 2500 ppm of diuron, the urothelial cytotoxicity in vitro of the metabolites and their gene expression profiles. DCPU was found in rat urine at concentrations substantially greater than the in vitro IC50 and induced more gene expression alterations than the other metabolites tested. 2-OH-DCPU was present in urine at a concentration approximately half of the in vitro IC50, whereas DCPMU and DCA were present in urine at concentrations well below the IC50. For the diuron-induced MOA for the rat bladder, we suggest that DCPU is the primary metabolite responsible for the urothelial cytotoxicity with some contribution also by 2-OH-DCPU. This study supports a MOA for diuron-induced bladder effects in rats consisting of metabolism to DCPU (and 2-OH-DCPU to a lesser extent), concentration and excretion in urine, urothelial cytotoxicity, and regenerative proliferation.     

N-甲基-N-亚硝脲诱导的大鼠视网膜感光细胞损伤模型中Müller细胞增殖和细胞因子分泌的变化

目的：建立N-甲基-N亚硝脲（N-methyl-N-nitrosourea,MNU）损伤视网膜的模型,研究视网膜神经元凋亡对Müller细胞生物学特性的影响及神经营养因子的表达变化.方法：腹腔注射MNU建立视网膜损伤模型,免疫荧光染色方法研究感光细胞缺失对Müller细胞的生物学特性的影响,并检测主要神经营养因子表达的变化.结果：TUNEL法显示,腹腔注射MNU后2 d,视网膜外核层细胞凋亡现象明显.核增殖抗原（PCNA）及细胞周期素CyclinD1的表达明显增高.与此同时,Müller细胞也开始表达神经干细胞抗原巢蛋白（nestin） RT-PCR显示胰岛素样生长因子（IGF）,碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）和肝细胞生长因子（HGF）mRNA的表达均升高.结论：在视网膜受到损伤时,Müller细胞增殖、去分化呈现出干细胞的特性.而视网膜中IGF、bFGF和HGF等细胞因子的表达明显增高,提示视网膜损伤后可能通过大量分泌细胞生长因子,促进Müller细胞的增殖.