Measuring behaviour: The tools and the strategies

Animal behaviour can be viewed as a stream of elements, which, once accurately described, can be counted and timed. Data acquisition techniques and tools are reviewed, and some strategies for collection and analysis of data using PC computers are suggested. Automated instruments are not satisfactory for the study of complex behaviour and as such systemic observation remains irreplaceable. IBM PC-type computers, with a wide range of analytical software (e.g., spreadsheets, statistical packages, technical graphics), are practical for data acquisition. Several systems which can satisfy different applications are reviewed. Some systems can communicate with a videorecorder, a facility which remarkably increases the accuracy of measurement; this is essential for meaningful analyses of the internal structure of behavioural streams (sequences, time patterns) or communication processes. The power of new tools enables behavioural measurement with the necessary complexity to allow a whole new set of questions to be addressed. However, it also increases demands for meaningful content and analysis of data.     

一种较好的RNA分离制备方法及其在人胚RNA提取中的应用

以钒基核苷酸复合物为核酸酶抑制剂,从人胚组织中制备总RNA,所得产品几乎不含DNA和蛋白质,经过分离Poly(A)~ mRNA,证明制品有合成cDNA的完整功能,方法比较简捷,适于大量制备以满足分离mRNA 之需,并讨论了此法的优缺点。     

腹腔镜胃切除治疗胃间质瘤26例临床报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜胃切除术治疗胃间质瘤的安全性及可行性。方法:2003年8月至2007年9月间,26例胃间质瘤病人在腹腔镜下行胃部分切除手术,其中17例行胃楔形切除、6例近端胃切除、3例远端胃切除。结果:无中转开腹,无手术死亡。手术平均出血量15(10～75)ml,平均手术时间(144±74)min,平均切口长度(5.5±1.5)cm,平均术后住院日为(8.3±3.6)d。手术并发症发生率7.69%(2/26),其中1例肺感染、1例切口感染。病理结果:极低度风险8例、低度风险12例、中度风险4例、高度风险2例。随访3～48个月,2例病人出现肝转移、现带瘤生存,其余无瘤生存,目前总生存率100%,复发率7.69%(2/26),3年无瘤生存率96.0%。结论:腹腔镜下胃切除术治疗胃间质瘤是安全、可行的,手术近期疗效令人满意,远期结果有待进一步观察。     

Behavioural activity of rats measured by a new method based on the piezo-electric principle

Spontaneous and drug-induced (haloperidol, apomorphine, and amphetamine) motor activity of rats was measured simultaneously via two distinct and independent methods: the classical optical scanning technique and a new procedure based on the piezo-electric principle. The latter procedure measured animal-induced mechanical vibrations of a flexible cage floor which were transduced into electric signals via piezo-electricity. The piezo method appeared to be relatively more sensitive in recording the small, stereotyped motor movements induced by apomorpine (0.63–10 mg/kg) and high doses of amphetamine (2.5–20 mg/kg). The optical scanning technique, on the other hand, was more sensitive in recording horizontal displacements across the cage such as induced by low doses of amphetamine (0.31–2.5 mg/kg). Both methods showed comparable sensitivity in recording the depression of behaviour induced by haloperidol (0.04–1.25 mg/kg) or low doses of apomorphine (0.04–0.16 mg/kg). The piezo method may complement the optical scanning procedure, and thereby enhance the information on the extent that test compounds modify animal behaviour.     

四川省内中医医院医疗费用结构变动分析

目的分析四川省内中医医院医疗费用结构变动情况,为促进中医医院医疗费用精细化管理提供依据。方法采用描述性分析法和结构变动度方法对四川省内中医医院2014年-2019年门诊和住院医疗费用结构变动情况进行分析。结果门诊收入中,中药收入平均占比最高（31.46%）,手术收入平均占比最低（1.32%）;检查收入在2016年-2019年、中药收入和其他收入在2018年-2019年为负向变动;治疗收入贡献率呈先上升后下降特点,手术收入的贡献率和拉动力处于最小状态。住院收入中,其他收入平均占比最高（34.88%）,手术收入平均占比最低（5.41%）;检查收入从2016年起、治疗收入从2017年起、手术收入从2018年起为正向变动;中药收入贡献率和拉动力不断增强,手术收入的拉动力在2019年明显提升。结论住院中药收入占比较低,应拓展中医药服务项目;治疗收入和手术收入结构变动贡献率较小,要加强中医医院服务能力建设;检查收入和其他收入拉动力较大,要加强对医务人员医疗行为的监管。     

Characteristics of pain drawings in the neck-shoulder region among the working population

Objectives: The aim was to study the characteristics of pain drawings in the neck, shoulders, and upper-back regions among the general working population. Methods: Pain drawings of the rear view of the neck, shoulders, and upper back were made by 125 middle-aged subjects from the general working population suffering from symptoms, mainly ache and pain, in the neck or shoulder regions. The locations of the markings in each pain drawing were coded to computer files using a transparent grid (878 pixels). The total area, the number of separate loci, and the left-right symmetry were recorded. Symptoms and signs were assessed at a medical examination. Results: The most frequently marked locations in the resulting aggregated topographical diagram covered two palm-sized areas in the neck-shoulder angles, with a symmetrical and even distribution occurring between the left and right sides. Subjects with more chronic or severe symptoms made pain drawings with larger areas. The presence of tenderness in the neck-trapezius region was associated with larger areas and more bilateral and multiple loci. Larger areas with multiple bilateral loci and a more symmetric distribution characterized pain drawings made by women as compared with those made by men. No substantial difference was noted in connection with age or educational level. Conclusions: Pain drawings of neck and shoulder symptoms among the middle-aged general working population most usually focused on the neck-shoulder angles with a symmetrical left-right distribution. The number of separate symptom loci and their total area, left-right distribution, and symmetry were characteristics associated with symptom chronicity and severity or signs of tenderness in the neck-trapezius region. Received: 16 September 1998 / Accepted: 23 September 1998     

国内关于缩短平均住院日的影响因素及对策研究

平均住院日是衡量医院医疗质量与管理水平的综合指标。医院合理提速运行的基础是控制平均住院日的影响因素,这些因素可分为可控因素和不可控因素。相应可通过宏观协调转化不可控因素,引入的新的管理思想,制定适宜的平均住院日标准,配以微观措施以降低医院的平均住院日。     

Prevalence survey of movement disorders, epilepsy, hypertension and smoking habit in Vejer de la Frontera, Southern Spain-I. Methodology

A prevalence survey of movement disorders, epilepsy, hypertension and smoking was undertaken in Vejer de la Frontera, Southern Spain in 1988. A validated screening instrument designed for door-to-door tracing of specific disorders was used. Neurological diagnoses were based on: (1) direct anamnesis and examination by a senior neurologist; (2) perusal of existing medical records; and (3) in a proportion of cases, a hospital-based complementary study. This experience suggests that, while door-to-door surveys of neurological disorders have focused on multiple major outcomes: (1) scientific and logistic reasons can exist for screening for specific neurological disorders, and (2) scientific and public health-related interventional objectives can be combined advantageously when such costly investigations are conducted.     

如何从体质中寻找中医病因--兼述一个中西医结合方法

体质，是对个体生命结构及生命活动基本特点的概括。体质异常是遗传和遗传倾向性疾病发生的根本原因，因此确定了体质类型也就找到了这种疾病的病因。具体讲，我们目前所用的方法是：1、以现代医学病名定中医病名。先确定一定样本病人发病前体质的共有特点，即某种疾病的易患体质，找出体质中的不正常成分（按中医理论）；2、分析发病后的证候演变规律，审证求因；3、将发病前体质的不正常成分与病后证候演变综合分析，找出其中的因果关系，并与审计所求之因对照，初步确定病因；4、通过四诊微观化／四诊延伸方法，将西医的病理指标、细菌／分子生物学诊断指标和研究成果等纳入中医诊断体系，再与发病后中医诊断及审证求因结果综合分析，将病因诊断细致化，并确定病机；5、在此病机基础上确定治则治法，并在实验室和临床进行反证。以急性白血病病因病机的确定过程为例进行了演示，同时论述了体质学检验方法对疾病和亚健康状态病因诊断的普遍适用价值。     

德国小蠊抗药性检测方法比较研究

目的　对德国小蠊两种常用抗性检测方法进行比较 ,以了解不同方法在抗性系数 (RR)上的差异 ,为根据需要选择适宜的抗性检测方法提供帮助。方法　分别参照WHO和Atkinson等 (1991)及Zhai等 (1992 )的方法。结果　用药膜法测定KT50 ,德国小蠊对二氯苯醚菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯的抗性倍数分别是 6.93、13 .85和 5 .60倍 ;而用点滴法测定LD50 ,德国小蠊对上述 3种药剂的抗性倍数分别为 2 2 .17、64 .3 2和 2 7.0 3倍。可见 ,用点滴法比用药膜法测定德国小蠊对二氯苯醚菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯的抗性系数分别要高出 3 .2 0倍、4.64倍和 4.83倍。结论　点滴法较药膜法更为灵敏 ,能较为准确地反映出德国小蠊的实际抗性水平 ,而药膜法相对简单易行 ,适于现场抗性检测。