A型肉毒毒素对离体豚鼠心脏的抑制作用

本实验用Langendorff法,在恒温、恒液压(灌流压)和供给足够氧气的条件下,对豚鼠(Cavin porcellus)离体心脏进行灌流,以心肌收缩力、心跳频率、心电图和冠脉流量为观察指标,对照观察A型肉毒毒素对心脏活动的影响。结果发现:A型肉毒毒素可使(1)心肌收缩力减弱;(2)心跳频率减慢,甚至停搏;(3)冠脉流量减少;(4)心电图有异常改变,显示对心脏起搏有阻遏现象.     

Ischaemia induced alternans of action potential duration in the intact-heart: dependence on coronary flow, preload and cycle length

Clinical and experimental evidence relate action potential duration(APD) alternans to ischaemic heart disease and ventricular arrhythmias.The present investigation was performed to study the quantitativerelationship between APD alternans and the degree ofischaemia,loading conditions and cycle length (CL) in an intact heart. Monophasic action potentials (MAP) were simultaneously recordedby contact electrodes from two left (LV) undone right ventricular(RV) sites in 20 Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. The preparationswere subjected to global ischaemia at flow rates ranging from40% of normal flow to complete cessation of flow. Pacing wasperformed at either constant or regularly changing CL. The magnitudeof APD alternans was expressed as beat-to-beat differences inaction potential duration of two consecutive MAPs. During normalper fusion, neither very fast pacing at a CL of 200 ms nor periodicalrate switches resulted in persistent APD alternans. Pacing ata constant CL of 800 ms did not induce A PD alternans at completecessation of flow for 6 min. However, alternans developed progressivelyat a constant CL of 400 ms after 2.8±0.3 min of completeischaemia at the pre-loaded LV, andafter 4.6±0.4 minat the unloaded RV (P<0.01). The reduction of preload atthe LV from 15 to 5 mmftg end-diastolic pressure delayed developmentof APD alternans from 2.8±0.3 min to 4.3±0.4 min(P < 0.05) at 400 ms CL. Following graded under per fusionof 40%, 20% and 10% of initial flow, persistent APD alternansdeveloped in relation to the degree of flow reduction and increasedprogressively with duration ofischaemia. APD alternans at theLV always preceded the onset of APD alternans at the RV. Inexperiments with identical flow rates the shortest CL of 200ms resulted in the greatest and earliest initiation of APD alternanscompared to the longer CL (P<0.01, P<0.001). An increasein CL from 400 to 800 ms immediately abolished APD alternans,generated by the shorter CL, at any time during the 6 min periodof complete ischaemia. Similarly, increasing the cycle lengthfrom 200 or 400 to 600 ms eliminated APD alternans up to 6 minof ischaemia and significantly reduced its magnitude between7 and 10 min within a few beats. We conclude that persistent APD alternans is a characteristicfinding in the rabbit heart during global ischaemia. It is asensitive parameter of the severity of ischaemia and dependson the degree and duration of ischaemia as well as on the preload.The CL appears to have an independent effect on the generationof APD alternans, which is functionally separate from the effectof CL on the ischaemic burden. An eventual impact of these observationscould be the application of APD alternans as a diagnostic toolin electrophysiological examinations of myocardial ischaemiain experimental and clinical settings.     

The dosimetric impact of respiratory breast movement and daily setup error on tangential whole breast irradiation using conventional wedge,field-in-field and irregular surface compensator techniques

To evaluate the dosimetric impact of respiratory breast motion and daily setup error on whole breast irradiation (WBI) using three irradiation techniques; conventional wedge (CW), field-in-field (FIF) and irregular surface compensator (ISC). WBI was planned for 16 breast cancer patients. The dose indices for evaluated clinical target volume (CTV_evl), lung, and body were evaluated. For the anterior-posterior (AP) respiratory motion and setup error of a single fraction, the isocenter was moved according to a sine function, and the dose indices were averaged over one period. Furthermore, the dose indices were weighted according to setup error frequencies that have a normal distribution to model systematic and random setup error for the entire treatment course. In all irradiation techniques, AP movement has a significant impact on dose distribution. CTV_evlD₉₅ (the minimum relative dose that covers 95 % volume) and V₉₅ (the relative volume receiving 95 % of the prescribed dose) were observed to significantly decrease from the original ISC plan when simulated for the entire treatment course. In contrast, the D₉₅, V₉₅ and dose homogeneity index did not significantly differ from those of the original plans for FIF and CW. With regard to lung dose, the effect of motion was very similar among all three techniques. The dosimetric impact of AP respiratory breast motion and setup error was largest for the ISC technique, and the second greatest effect was observed with the FIF technique. However, these variations are relatively small.     

内皮素-1对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的观察内皮素-1(ET-1)对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响以及不同浓度ET-1的不同效应。方法健康雄性SD大鼠30只,体重250~300 g,建立Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型。随机分为5组:对照组、ET-1组(0.1、1、10 nmol/L)和BQ-123组(2μmol/L),每组6只。所有离体心脏均平衡20 min,全心缺血30 min,再灌注60 min。观察各组在缺血再灌注损伤后各时间点的左室发展压(LVDP)、左室舒张末压(LVEDP)、冠脉流量(CF)以及冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)的变化。结果再灌注后,与对照组相比,ET-1组的LVDP明显升高,LVEDP显著降低,CF也稍有升高。ET-1组再灌注5 min后的LDH、CK较对照组明显下降,而且,低剂量ET-1组(0.1、1 nmol/L)效果更显著。但是,ET-1组的效果被BQ-123所抑制。结论 ET-1对离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤具有一定的保护作用,且低剂量时效果更显著,这种保护作用可能是由ETA受体所介导。     

The influence of the crutch setup on stability and weight-bearing parameters in post total hip replacement surgery patients during quiet standing

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of the crutch setup on standing, in post total hip replacement (THR) surgery patients.

Materials and methods: Thirty patients after THR were randomly assigned to walking with the elbow flexed (EF) or elbow straight (ES) crutch setup. Subjects were asked to stand on a force platform in a comfortable position with the crutch positioned on the unaffected side, facing forward for 10?seconds. Centre of pressure total path and maximal excursion were evaluated in both medio-lateral and anterior–posterior planes. Difference in the asymmetry of left/right acromial height, measured with and without the crutch, was calculated (ACdiff). Percentage of body weight borne by the crutch (Fcr), symmetry (SIload) between operated and healthy limbs loading during the trial, together with shoulder forces and moments were measured.

Results: No significant differences between the two groups (p?>?.05) were found for stability parameters. ACdiff, Fcr and shoulder load increased significantly (p?Conclusions: The present study showed that the ES setup reduced the force borne by the crutch, the load on the shoulder joint and it minimized postural and loading asymmetries when compared to EF setup. Conversely, postural stability was not influenced by the crutch setup.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Static posture and weight-bearing parameters are influenced by crutch setup during quiet standing.

• Crutch setup does not influence postural stability.

• Adjusting the crutch according to the elbow straight setup reduces the force borne by the crutch and the asymmetry in lower limbs loading.

• Forces and moments at the shoulder joint were reduced for the elbow straight setup group.

     

胰腺癌患者螺旋断层放疗摆位误差分析

目的：通过兆伏级CT（MVCT）在线测量校正胰腺癌患者螺旋断层放疗的摆位误差,确定临床靶区CTV和计划靶区PTV之间的外放距离。方法：2012年5月至12月,21例接受TomoTherapy治疗的胰腺癌患者,每次治疗前均行靶区部位MVCT扫描。并将扫描后的MVCT图像与定位时千伏级CT（kVCT）图像进行配准,分别记录患者左右x、头脚y、腹背z和横断面旋转Roll四个方向的偏差数值,对其误差值进行统计分析。结果：21例患者共行358次MVCT扫描,其摆位误差值在x、y、z和Roll方向分别为：（-0．14±0．60）mm、（-1．21±0．44）mm、（0．69±0．93）mm和（0．02±0．26）。x、y、z方向CTV和PTV之间的外放距离分别为：5．5mm、7．4mm和3．9mm。结论：胰腺癌患者治疗摆位误差较大,Tomotherapy通过在线摆位校正能有效减小摆位误差。临床上建议胰腺癌患者在x、y、z方向上CTV和PTV之间可分别外扩5mm、7mm和4mm,为精确照射提供必要的质量保证。     

体位固定方式和BMI对胸部肿瘤放疗摆位误差的影响

目的探讨胸部肿瘤患者接受放疗时,体位固定方式和身体质量指数(Body Mass Index,BMI)对摆位误差的影响。方法回顾性分析接受调强放疗的132例胸部肿瘤患者的临床资料。根据放疗时患者双手摆放位置的不同分为A、B两组,A组患者(82例)双手十指交叉置于专用臂托上,B组患者(50例)双手置于身体两侧。根据患者的BMI分为1组(偏瘦)、2组(正常)和3组(超重)。首次治疗前行CBCT扫描,使用自动骨性配准结合手动微调,计算出x、y和z轴方向的摆位误差。比较不同体位固定方式和不同BMI的摆位差异。结果B组患者x方向摆位误差小于A组(P<0.05);B3组患者x方向摆位误差小于A3组(P<0.05)。在y和z方向上,A组和B组之间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论胸部肿瘤患者放疗时,患者双手摆放位置对摆位误差有影响,采用双手体侧位固定方式引起的摆位误差较小。患者BMI越大,摆位误差差异越明显,超重患者更宜选用双手体侧位固定方式。     

胰高血糖素样多肽-1对2型糖尿病大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用研究

目的观察胰高血糖素样多肽-1(GLP-1)对大鼠2型糖尿病性心肌病心肌损伤的影响。方法采用高脂高糖膳食合并链脲佐菌素(40 mg/kg)诱导的方法建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型。将糖尿病大鼠模型随机分为模型组和GLP-1组,采取皮下包埋缓释泵,分别给两组大鼠连续灌注生理盐水或GLP-1 30 pmol/(kg·min 1),7 d后,处死取心脏,利用Langendorff离体心脏灌流系统进行心脏功能检测和心肌细胞形态学观察。结果糖尿病大鼠在建模成功后第10天出现左心室功能异常。3周后,与正常相比,左室发展压(LVDP)、心率–左心室发展压乘积值(RPP)、dp/dtmax、m-dp/dtmax分别降低40.80%、51.50%、50.87%、52.81%;心肌组织炎性细胞浸润增加,血管周围及心肌细胞间纤维化增加,心肌细胞凋亡指数增加。GLP-1处理组LVDP、RPP、dp/dtmax、m-dp/dtmax分别较模型组增加25.36%、10.90%、22.62%、30.07%,心肌细胞炎症、凋亡减少,心肌组织间及血管周围纤维化降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论糖尿病可直接诱发以间质性纤维化、代偿性纤维化、炎症细胞浸润和凋亡细胞增多为特点的心肌组织损伤,形成糖尿病性心肌病。体内持续释放GLP-1可缓解糖尿病引发的心肌组织损伤,对其心肌组织有保护作用。     

螺旋断层放射治疗胰腺癌摆位误差分析

目的分析在兆伏级电子计算机断层扫描(MVCT)图像引导下采用螺旋断层调强放疗技术治疗胰腺癌患者的摆位误差,并计算计划靶区(PTV)的边界(margin)外放。方法行MVCT图像扫描,将扫描获取的MVCT图像与计划CT图像进行配准,记录左右(X)、头脚(Y)、腹背(Z)轴方向和横断面旋转(roll)方向的误差值,并对误差值进行分析计算。结果共行592次MVCT扫描。X、Y、Z和roll方向摆位误差值分别为(-0.5±2.8)mm、(-1.1±6.4)mm、(6.0±4.4)mm和(-0.2±0.7)°。X、Y和Z 3个方向上的平均误差小于5 mm,所占比例分别为97.13%(575/592)、88.01%(521/592)和37.84%(224/592),roll方向旋转误差小于1°,所占比例为93.92%(556/592)。根据公式得出在X、Y和Z 3个方向PTV的边界外放间距值分别为5.2、9.9和7.5 mm。结论对MVCT图像引导下行螺旋断层放射治疗胰腺癌患者的摆位误差数据分析,为提高放射治疗精度及疗效,推荐胰腺癌放疗在X、Y和Z三维方向上CTV到PTV的margin外放值分别为5、10和8 mm。     

宫颈癌术后调强计划稳健性研究

目的:通过移动等中心模拟系统误差,探讨宫颈癌术后调强放射治疗（IMRT）中剂量分布受系统摆位误差的敏感程度。方法:分别制定30例宫颈癌术后IMRT计划,在治疗计划中移动等中心,假设每次治疗时系统误差都为同一方向,每位患者沿原始x、y、z轴各移动等中心±3.0、±5.0和±7.0 mm模拟左右、腹背、头脚方向系统摆位误差对剂量分布的影响,在不改变优化条件的情况,重新计算剂量分布,得到30个参考计划与540个再计划DVH参数。配对t检验不同方向差异。结果:误差为3、5和7 mm时,CTV D98和PTV V95下降平均偏差分别为0.16%和0.55%、0.44%和1.72%、0.89%和3.41%;小肠、直肠、膀胱、左股骨头和右股骨头V50超标频率分别为2.22%、0.00%、0.00%、0.00%和0.00%,11.11%、2.22%、0.00%、4.44%和4.44%,15.56%、6.67%、2.78%、13.33%和14.44%。采用配对t检验对不同方向误差进行对比时发现:（1）y轴方向摆位误差比x和z轴方向对CTV D98和PTV V95影响更敏感（P<0.05, P<0.05）;（2）背方向摆位误差比其他方向对小肠和膀胱V50 影响更敏感（P<0.05, P<0.05）;（3）腹方向摆位误差比其他方向对直肠V50影响更敏感（P<0.05）;（4）右方向摆位误差比其他方向对左股骨头V50影响更敏感（P<0.05）;（5）左方向摆位误差比其他方向对右股骨头V50影响更敏感（P<0.05）。结论:摆位误差较小时（<5 mm）,靶区剂量和小肠、膀胱、直肠、左右股骨头V50受摆位误差敏感程度较小,宫颈癌术后IMRT计划较稳健。当摆位误差增大时,宫颈癌术后IMRT计划不再稳健,治疗前一定需要寻找原因,如有必要还需重新做体位固定装置。