Allergic conversion of protective mucosal immunity against nasal bacteria in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis

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Blood endotyping distinguishes the profile of vitiligo from that of other inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases

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Interaction of B7RP-1 with ICOS Negatively Regulates Antigen Presentation by B Cells

Stimulation of T cells through the T cell receptor is insufficient for optimal T cell activation. A second activation signal is necessary, being usually provided by the costimulatory molecule CD28. Recently, additional costimulatory pathways have been identified, including inducible costimulator (ICOS) and its ligand B7RP-1. We have examined the role of the B7RP-1/ICOS costimulatory pathway on antigen presentation by B cells, using the I-A^k and I-E^k-positive CH27 B cell line and several different T cell lines. We found that CH27 expressed B7RP-1 and PD-L1 whereas the T cell lines expressed ICOS and PD-1. In the presence of HEL, the T cell hybridomas C10 and 3A9 released IL-2, which is indicative of antigen-specific T cell activation by the CH27 cells. Unexpectedly, blocking antibodies for B7RP-1 and ICOS enhanced the IL-2 response in both T cells. As expected, an increase in the production of IL-2 was seen when blocking antibodies for PD-1 were used. Blocking with antibodies for I-A^k, CD28, B7.1, and B7.2 lead to a decrease in IL-2 production. Additionally we tested a Th1 and a Th2 T cell clone. Blockade of B7RP-1/ICOS lead to an increased IFN- response in Th1 cells (A.E7) and an increased IL-4 response in Th2 cells (D10.G4.1). Intracellular staining also showed an increase in cytokine production when the B7RP-1/ICOS pathway was blocked. In conclusion, the B7RP-1/ICOS pathway is negatively regulating T cell activation by B cells and may play a role similar to that of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway.     

Antigen and checkpoint receptor engagement recalibrates T cell receptor signal strength

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Circulating Treg cells from patients with cerebral aneurysms displayed deficiency in ICOS expression and function

Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is a member of the CD28 family. When activated, ICOS signalling promotes FOXP3 CNS2 gene demethylation and stabilizes Treg differentiation. Cerebral aneurysm (CA) is the local ballooning of the cerebral vasculature, characterized by higher levels of inflammation mediators and tissue remodelling. FOXP3⁺ Treg cell dysfunction may contribute to CA pathogenesis. In this study, the expression and function of ICOS in Treg cells was investigated. Circulating CD4⁺CD25^hi T cells from CA subjects demonstrated significantly lower levels of ICOS expression than circulating CD4⁺CD25^hi T cells from healthy subjects. In both healthy subjects and CA subjects, FOXP3⁺ Treg cells were highly concentrated in the ICOS⁺ fraction of CD4⁺CD25^hi T cells. Anti-ICOS costimulation, in combination with anti-CD3 and IL-2, significantly increased FOXP3 expression in CD4⁺CD25^hiICOS⁺ T cells but not in CD4⁺CD25^hiICOS^- T cells. In addition, anti-CD3/IL-2 and anti-ICOS costimulation significantly elevated the expression of IL-10 and TGF-β, decreased the expression of IL-17, and enhanced CD4⁺CD25^hiICOS⁺ T cell-mediated suppression of autologous CD4⁺CD25^- Tconv proliferation. Interestingly, CD4⁺CD25^hiICOS⁺ T cells from CA subjects presented lower responsiveness toward anti-ICOS costimulation than CD4⁺CD25^hiICOS⁺ T cells from healthy subjects. Overall, these results demonstrated that ICOS signalling could significantly improve FOXP3 expression and enhance Treg functional potency. However, circulating Treg cells from CA patients displayed reduced ICOS expression and lower responsiveness toward anti-ICOS stimulation.     

Differentiation of ICOS+ and ICOS− recent thymic emigrant regulatory T cells (RTE Tregs) during normal pregnancy,pre‐eclampsia and HELLP syndrome

Two different subsets of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nT_regs), defined by their expression of the inducible co‐stimulatory (ICOS) molecule, are produced by the human thymus. To examine the differentiation of ICOS⁺ and ICOS^?CD45RA⁺CD31⁺ recent thymic emigrant (RTE) T_regs during normal pregnancy and in the presence of pre‐eclampsia or haemolysis elevated liver enzymes low platelet (HELLP)‐syndrome, we used six‐colour flow cytometric analysis to determine the changes in the composition of the ICOS⁺ and ICOS^? T_reg pools with CD45RA⁺CD31⁺ RTE T_regs, CD45RA⁺CD31^? mature naive (MN) T_regs, CD45RA^?CD31⁺ and CD45RA^?CD31^? memory T_regs. With the beginning of pregnancy until term, we observed a strong differentiation of both ICOS⁺ and ICOS^?CD45RA⁺CD31⁺ RTE, but not CD45RA⁺CD31^? MN T_regs, into CD45RA^?CD31^? memory T_regs. At the end of pregnancy, the onset of spontaneous term labour was associated with a significant breakdown of ICOS⁺CD45RA^?CD31^? memory T_regs. However, in the presence of pre‐eclampsia, there was a significantly increased differentiation of ICOS⁺ and ICOS^?CD45RA⁺CD31⁺ RTE T_regs into CD45RA^?CD31⁺ memory T_regs, wherein the lacking differentiation into CD45RA^?CD31^? memory T_regs was partially replaced by the increased differentiation of ICOS⁺ and ICOS^?CD45RA⁺CD31^? MN T_regs into CD45RA^?CD31^? memory T_regs. In patients with HELLP syndrome, this alternatively increased differentiation of CD45RA^?CD31^? MN T_regs seemed to be exaggerated, and presumably restored the suppressive activity of magnetically isolated ICOS⁺ and ICOS^? T_regs, which were shown to be significantly less suppressive in pre‐eclampsia patients, but not in HELLP syndrome patients. Hence, our findings propose that the regular differentiation of both ICOS⁺ and ICOS^?CD45RA⁺CD31⁺ RTE T_regs ensures a healthy pregnancy course, while their disturbed differentiation is associated with the occurrence of pre‐eclampsia and HELLP syndrome.     

诱导共刺激分子转基因小鼠类风湿性关节炎中滤泡辅助性T细胞的极化

目的 探讨可诱导共刺激分子(ICOS)转基因小鼠类风湿性关节炎(RA)模型中ICOS信号对滤泡辅助性T细胞(Tfh)极化的影响.方法 1.流式细胞仪分析测定ICOS转基因(ICOS-Trangenic,ICOS-Tg)小鼠及其野生型对照(WT)小鼠脾细胞CD4+T淋巴细胞共刺激分子ICOS在不同时期的表达趋势及特征;2.ELISA检测脾淋巴细胞培养悬液中干扰素(IFN)-γ、IL-21、IL-23、IL-17的水平;结果1.野生型RA小鼠脾CD4+T淋巴细胞表面的ICOS的表达水平从4w到12w为上升趋势(％)(4 W:6.5 ±1.0;7 W:13.2±1.3;12 W:23.5±:2.1);ICOS-Tg小鼠脾CD4+T淋巴细胞表面ICOS的表达三期同样呈上升趋势(％)(4W:8.2±0.9;7W:17.2±1.5;12W:31.6 ±3.0),但与野生型小鼠相比各期均表达上调(均P＜0.05);2.野生型小鼠IFN-γ从4W开始表达上升,7周达峰值后下降,ICOS-Tg小鼠同野生型小鼠相比,趋势相同但表达在各期呈下调趋势,差异有统计学意义(4 W～20 W均P＜0.05);野生型小鼠的IL-21、IL-23及IL-17的表达于4周上升,12周达峰值后下降,ICOS-Tg小鼠同野生型小鼠相比,三者的各期表达趋势相同但呈上调趋势(IL-21和IL-17有统计学意义,P＜0.05;IL-23无统计学意义,P＞0.05).结论 RA小鼠在其致病过程中共刺激信号ICOS呈上调表达;ICOS-Tg小鼠同野生型小鼠相比,其脾淋巴细胞培养上清中IFN-γ呈显著下调趋势;Tfh分化相关的细胞因子IL-21、IL-17则均显著上调表达.Tfh细胞及其作用因子很可能参与了RA的免疫应答,与RA的发生发展有关.     

The role of costimulation in antibody deficiencies: ICOS and common variable immunodeficiency

Summary:  The identification of mutations in the inducible costimulator ( ICOS ) gene in nine patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) was a major breakthrough. CVID is a complex, highly heterogeneous primary immunodeficiency disease, and the discovery of these mutations revealed a molecular basis. ICOS belongs to the CD28 family of costimulatory molecules and is expressed exclusively on activated T cells. It has at least three critical functions: germinal center formation, isotype class switching, and the development of memory B cells. The discovery of human ICOS deficiency showed that a monogenic disorder could account for the full spectrum of manifestations seen in childhood and adulthood-onset CVID, including autoimmune, inflammatory, and malignant disease complications, as well as recurrent infections. Moreover, this discovery showed that a disorder which had previously been perceived as a B-cell disease might in fact have its genetic origin in human T cells. In this article, we review the role of ICOS in the mammalian immune system and human disease, as well as the discovery and characteristics of patients with ICOS deficiency. Finally, we also discuss how these 'human knockouts' have contributed to our understanding of ICOS functions and have suggested potential avenues for using therapeutic ICOS manipulation to treat other diseases.     

阻断ICOS抑制兔高危角膜移植排斥反应的实验研究

目的 建立兔角膜移植高危模型,通过阻断ICOS,探讨ICOSmAb对角膜移植排斥反应的影响.方法 将新西兰白兔50只随机分成空白对照组、实验组(植片为浸入含有不同浓度ICOSmAb的中期保存液中)A组(1 mg·L-1 ICOSmAb),B组(10 mg·L-1ICOSmAb),C组(25 mg·L-1 ICOSmAb),D组(250 mg·L-1 ICOSmAb),每组10只兔.观察术后受体植片角膜混浊情况和植片病理改变,应用流式细胞仪检测植片CD4 、CD8 T淋巴细胞表达情况.结果 实验A、B组的植片有较长的生存时间,各实验组及对照组植片平均存活时间(69±34) d、(75±31) d、(45±18) d、(10±3)d、(26±4) d.CD4 、CD8 T淋巴细胞表达明显降低(P＜0.05);A组植片组织病理学检查淋巴细胞浸润较对照组及其他实验组明显减少.结论 应用ICOSmAb阻断ICOS,可以明显抑制高危角膜移植排斥反应.     

The role of ICOS and other costimulatory molecules in allergy and asthma

Activation and differentiation of T cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergies and asthma. Upon encounter with specific antigen, naïve T helper precursor (ThP) cells become activated, an event that is regulated not only by engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) with peptide presented in the context of MHC class II molecules, but also by a number of costimulatory signals. CD28 engagement by B7-1 and B7-2 on resting ThP cells provides a critical signal for initial cell cycle progression, interleukin-2 production and clonal expansion. However, in recent years, other related members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) family, such as inducible costimulatory molecules (ICOS) and the TNF receptor family members which include OX40, have also been demonstrated to play an important role in providing unique and complementary signals that regulate the outcome of immune responses. These positive costimulatory signals are counterbalanced by signals that dampen down immune responses and include CTLA-4, PD-1 and the recently described Ig superfamily members BTLA and TIM-3. This review discusses the role of these costimulatory signals and their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic responses.