Hepatic infarction with portal thrombosis

A case of hepatic infarction with portal thrombosis is reported. A 63-year-old woman with liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices was admitted for treatment of the esophagel varices. Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) and endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) were performed. Two months later, she experienced right hypochondralgia and right flank pain. Serum transaminase levels were suddenly elevated, and computed tomography scans of the liver showed multiple small nodular lesions. Her condition worsened, and she died of hepatic failure. Autopsy revealed splenic and portal vein thrombosis, multiple hepatic infarction, and evidence of chronic pancreatitis. We believe that liver cirrhosis and chronic pancreatitis were the main risk factors for the portal thrombosis, and the treatment for esophageal varices appeared to have triggered the thrombosis. The hepatic infarction was caused by the portal thrombosis.     

晚期血吸虫病食管静脉曲张套扎术后早期出血的临床分析

目的 目的 探讨晚期血吸虫病 （晚血） 食管静脉曲张套扎术 （EVL） 后早期出血的发病特点。方法 方法 回顾性研究本院 收治的206例行EVL治疗的晚血患者, 统计出现术后早期出血的例次数、 好发时间、 原因或诱因、 基础疾病、 预后等。结 结 果 果 共有17例行EVL患者发生早期出血, 其中1例死亡, 早期出血率为8.25%, 死亡率为0.5%。出血均发生于术后第4 ~ 12 天, 其中发生于术后第7 ~ 9 天的有13例 （76%）。导致出血的直接原因为套扎环脱落后创面出血; 诱因是饮食不当 （10例, 58.8%） 和腹压增加 （6例, 35%）, 不明原因1例。出血均发生于首次EVL术后肝功能Child?Pugh C级患者。结论 结论 EVL术后早期出血发病率和死亡率均较低, 好发时间为术后第7 ~ 9 天, 应注意饮食因素和护理, 肝功能Child?Pugh C级 患者是早期出血的重点高危人群。     

经胃镜结扎对食管曲张静脉的影响和对出血预防的意义

目的 研究肝硬化并食管静脉曲张上消化道大出血病人经胃镜食管静脉套扎(EVL)术前后食管静脉曲张程度的变化,分析EVL对预防和治疗肝硬化并食管静脉曲张上消化道大出血的意义.方法 对所有急诊止血和择期套扎病人手术前、手术后均作食管曲张静脉的直径及长度测量,前后进行比较分析;将观察的近四年分为两个时段,前两年急诊结扎次数与开展择期套扎的后两年急诊次数进行比较.结果 首次手术者315例,术后复查胃镜者共88例.套扎一次复查61例,术前食管曲张静脉长度为(14.59±3.76)cm,直径为(9.16±1.91)mm.追踪平均6个月,术后长度(7.15±5.58)cm,直径为(3.84±3.1 5)mm;套扎多次复查27例,术前长度为(15.00±2.50)cm,直径为(10.22±1.34)mm,追踪平均17月,术后长度为(8.04±6.10)cm,直径为(4.00±2.80)mm,手术前后比较均P＜0.01;曲张达Ⅳ度者手术前在扎1次病人中占42%(25/60),每例平均扎8.65点,在结扎多次病人中占71%(19/27),每例平均扎21点,两组比较P＜0.01,前二年急诊率33.14%(57/172)明显高于后二年的14.04%(32/228).结论 EVL是目前治疗和预防肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张破裂出血首选且有效的方法;套扎疗效与套扎次数及点数相关;择期手术可明显减少肝硬化并食管静脉曲张破裂出血的机率.     

依托咪酯在内镜下食管静脉曲张治疗中麻醉效果

目的比较三种复合麻醉方法在胃镜下治疗食管静脉曲张患者时的镇静效果及其对呼吸循环影响。方法选择2011年6月—2012年12月在该院接受麻醉需要的胃镜下行食管静脉曲张治疗的患者90例,单盲随机分为3组,每组30例。I组先静注芬太尼,接着静注丙泊酚（1~2 mg/kg）;II组先静注芬太尼,接着静注依托咪酯（0.2~0.3 mg/kg）;Ⅲ组静注芬太尼,再静注丙泊酚＋依托咪酯混合液（剂量比7：1）。3组患者均给予2%利多卡因5 m L咽部表面麻醉,并给予芬太尼为0.5~1 ug/kg,总量不超过50 ug,待睫毛反射消失后开始进镜。观察术中镇静程度及记忆缺失、苏醒时间;注药前、置镜前、置镜后、苏醒后HR、MAP和脉搏血氧饱和度（Sp O2）的变化,术后恶心、呕吐。结果Ⅱ、Ⅲ两组注药前后及检查中血压变化,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;I组注药后血压下降约15%~30%,与注药前血压比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。3组置镜时100%无反应,3组100%术中无体动、呛咳,术后恶心呕吐Ⅱ组有5例（16%）,I组、Ⅲ组无。3组患者对检查过程无记忆。I组、Ⅲ组所有患者对此次检查治疗满意。Ⅱ组患者因恶心呕吐有10%患者不满意。结论咽部表面麻醉后采用芬太尼＋丙泊酚＋依托咪酯麻醉对胃镜下食管静脉曲张患者治疗安全、有效、简单易行。     

内镜套扎术结合药物治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血疗效观察

目的探讨食管静脉曲张套扎术(EVL)结合药物救治食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床效果。方法2002年7月～2008年5月我院采用EVL结合药物治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血33例。结果本组33例中,1例失败另行其他治疗方法。32例在24h内止血成功。结论食管静脉曲张破裂出血属危重症,必须采取积极有效的综合疗法进行救治,并证实本法治疗效果佳良。     

Application of a Remodeled Stiegmann-ligator to Esophageal Varix

Abstract: The Stiegmann-ligator has been recently proved to be useful for the treatment of esophageal varices. With those ligators, however, we found difficulty in performing ligation when the pathological change was on the tangent line or relatively large, such as F₃, or associated with concentrated RC signs. To overcome these problems, we modified the Stiegmann O-ring ligator by diagonally cutting the tip of the inner sleeve. Using this ligator, we conducted some animal-model experiments and clinical trials. In all cases, the remodeled ligator covered a wider range of lesions. We no longer encountered difficulties in performing ligation with the remodeled ligator when pathological changes were on the tangent line. The procedure did not cause any complications apart from temporary chest discomfort after surgery.     

超声内镜指导胃镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术在胃黏膜间质瘤中的应用

目的观察超声内镜指导胃镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术在胃黏膜间质瘤中的效果。方法经超声内镜检查诊断筛选胃黏膜下小间质瘤83例,大小0.6～1.5 cm,以食管静脉曲张套扎器行内镜下黏膜套扎术治疗,于术后3个月、半年随访观察。结果胃黏膜下良性小间质瘤83例均起源于胃固有肌层;胃贲门6例,胃底19例,胃体31例,胃窦27例,部分细针穿刺组织,病理符合率为100%,进行胃黏膜下间质瘤的套扎术,成功81例,成功率97.59%,超声内镜随访,间质瘤消除82例,随访清除率98.80%。结论在超声内镜检查指导下选择合适胃黏膜间质瘤,用食管静脉曲张套扎器套扎,治愈率高、安全、有效、简便,值得进一步推广。     

Venous ablation therapy: indications and outcomes

Venous disease has long been recognized as a progressive, debilitating, and recurrent problem. Until recently, venous insufficiency was often undertreated due to a lack of therapeutic modalities. During the past decade, an explosion in the treatment options has occurred. Endovenous ablation therapy has nearly replaced the conventional surgical treatments for patients with superficial venous insufficiency. Dramatic changes in therapy are also available for deep venous thrombosis but are not the subject of this review. These newer techniques are much less invasive and consequently have reduced risks of wound complications or bleeding. In addition, they can be performed easily in the office setting with local anesthesia. Higher-risk patients can now be considered for these less invasive treatments to reduce their ambulatory venous hypertension. With the lower procedural risks and the dramatically shortened recovery times, earlier intervention can be entertained. This helps prevent the development of venous stasis ulceration and other sequelae of progressive venous insufficiency.     

Endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric variceal bleeding in patients with noncirrhotic extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis: a long-term follow-up study

BACKGROUND: Esophagogastric variceal bleeding is the most important complication of extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (EPVT) and is usually treated endoscopically. Little is known about the prognosis of these patients. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the long-term clinical outcome and efficacy of endoscopic treatment in patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding secondary to EPVT. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTINGS: Single university center. PATIENTS: Twenty-seven consecutive patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding, secondary to noncirrhotic, nonmalignant EPVT, who underwent endoscopic treatment between 1982 and 2005. INTERVENTIONS: Endoscopic band ligation and/or endoscopic sclerotherapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The overall rebleeding risk, overall survival, complications of the endoscopic procedures, and predictive values of rebleeding. Analyses were performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and univariate Cox regression. RESULTS: All patients were followed-up after the first endoscopically treated variceal bleeding. A total of 241 endoscopic procedures were performed. In all patients, initial control of bleeding was obtained. The overall rebleeding risk was 23% (95% CI, 0%-24%) at 1 year and 37% (95% CI, 43%-83%) at 5 years. Extension of thrombosis into the splenic vein and the presence of fundal varices were significant predictors of rebleeding, with a nearly 5-fold increased risk for patients with EPVT and fundal varices at the time of the first variceal hemorrhage (hazard ratio 5.07, P = .01). A portosystemic shunt procedure was performed in 5 patients: 4 for variceal bleeding and in one patient for refractory ascites. Seven patients died, none from variceal bleeding. Overall 5-year and 10-year survivals were 100% and 62% (95% CI, 38%-96%), respectively. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with variceal bleeding secondary to EPVT endoscopic treatment, in particular, band ligation appears safe and effective. EPVT-related mortality is primarily determined by other causes than variceal bleeding.