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1.
Dystonia is a common movement disorder which is thought to represent a disease of the basal ganglia. However, the pathogenesis of the idiopathic dystonias, i.e. the neuroanatomic and neurochemical basis, is still a mystery. Research in dystonia is complicated by the existence of various phenotypic and genotypic subtypes of idiopathic dystonia, probably related to heterogeneous dysfunctions.In neurological diseases in which no obvious neuronal degeneration can be found, such as in idiopathic dystonia, the identification of a primary defect is difficult, because of the large number of chemically distinct, but functionally interrelated, neurotransmitter systems in the brain.The variable response to pharmacological agents in patients with idiopathic dystonia supports the notion that the underlying biochemical dysfunctions vary in the subtypes of idiopathic dystonia. Hence, in basic research it is important to clearly define the involved type of dystonia.Animal models of dystonias were described as limited. However, over the last years, there has been considerable progress in the evaluation of animal models for different types of dystonia.Apart from animal models of symptomatic dystonia, genetic animal models with inherited dystonia which occurs in the absence of pathomorphological alterations in brain and spinal cord are described.This review will focus mainly on genetic animal models of different idiopathic dystonias and pathophysiological findings. In particular, in the case of the mutant dystonic (dt) rat, a model of generalized dystonia, and in the case of the genetically dystonic hamster (dtsz), a model of paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis has been used, as these show great promise in contributing to the identification of underlying mechanisms in idiopathic dystonias, although even a proper animal model will probably never be equivalent to a human disease.Several pathophysiological findings from animal models are in line with clinical observations in dystonic patients, indicating abnormalities not only in the basal ganglia and thalamic nuclei, but also in the cerebellum and brainstem. Through clinical studies and neurochemical data several similarities were found in the genetic animal models, although the current data indicates different defects in dystonic animals which is consistent with the notion that dystonia is a heterogenous disorder.Different supraspinal dysfunctions appear to lead to manifestation of dystonic movements and postures. In addition to increasing our understanding of the pathophysiology of idiopathic dystonia, animal models may help to improve therapeutic strategies for this movement disorder. 相似文献
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Spinal cord injuries (SCI) result in a devastating loss of function and chronic central pain syndromes frequently develop in the majority of these patients. The present study uses a rodent spinal hemisection model of SCI in which mechanical and thermal allodynia develops by 24 days after injury. Post-operative paw withdrawal responses to low threshold and high threshold mechanical stimuli compared to pre-operative responses (4.78, 9.96, and 49.9 mN) were increased and were statistically significant (p<0.05) for both forelimbs and hindlimbs indicating the development of mechanical allodynia. By contrast, post-operatively, the temperature at which paw withdrawal accompanied by paw lick occurred was significantly decreased (p<0.05), indicating the development of thermal allodynia. The intrathecal application of either D-AP5, a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, or NBQX-disodium salt, a competitive non-NMDA AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist, alleviated the mechanical allodynia and lowered the threshold of response for the high threshold mechanical stimuli in a dose-dependent manner, and these decreases were statistically significant (p<0.05). By contrast, neither the D-AP5 nor the NBQX produced a statistically significant change in the thermal allodynia behavior in either forelimbs or hindlimbs in the hemisected group. No significant changes in locomotion scores, and thus no sedation, were demonstrated by the hemisected group for the doses tested. These data support the potential efficacy of competitive excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists in the treatment of chronic central pain, particularly where input from low threshold mechanical afferents trigger the onset of the painful sensation. Furthermore, these data suggest a role for both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors in the development of plastic changes in the spinal cord that provide the underlying mechanisms for central neuropathic pain. 相似文献
4.
以乙烯-丙烯酸(EAA)共聚物及聚乙二醇单甲醚(MPEG)为主要原料,通过酯化反应制备了一系列接枝共聚物EAA-g-MPEG,并将其与高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)共混制得改性薄膜。研究了反应条件对接枝反应的影响,通过FT-IR、TG、DSC等方法研究了接枝产物的结构及其热性能。结果表明,随着侧链MPEG分子量的提高,产物接枝率逐渐下降;随接枝率的提高及侧链长度的增长,产物热稳定性下降;随接枝率的提高,产物的结晶熔融峰向高温方向移动,结晶性变好;EAA-g-MPEG可有效改善HDPE的表面亲水性能,当其质量分数为10%时,可使改性HDPE薄膜的水接触角由105°降至59°。 相似文献
5.
Ammonia metabolism,the brain and fatigue; revisiting the link 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This review addresses the ammonia fatigue theory in light of new evidence from exercise and disease studies and aims to provide a view of the role of ammonia during exercise. Hyperammonemia is a condition common to pathological liver disorders and intense or exhausting exercise. In pathology, hyperammonemia is linked to impairment of normal brain function and the onset of the neurological condition, hepatic encephalopathy. Elevated blood ammonia concentrations arise due to a diminished capacity for removal via the liver and lead to increased exposure of organs, such as the brain, to the toxic effects of ammonia. High levels of brain ammonia can lead to deleterious alterations in astrocyte morphology, cerebral energy metabolism and neurotransmission, which may in turn impact on the functioning of important signalling pathways within the neuron. Such changes are believed to contribute to the disturbances in neuropsychological function, in particular the learning, memory, and motor control deficits observed in animal models of liver disease and also patients with cirrhosis. Hyperammonemia in exercise occurs as a result of an increased production by contracting muscle, through adenosine monophosphate (AMP) deamination (the purine nucleotide cycle) and branched chain amino acid (BCAA) deamination prior to oxidation. Plasma concentrations of ammonia during exercise often achieve or exceed those measured in liver disease patients, resulting in increased cerebral uptake. In this article we propose that exercise-induced hyperammonemia may lead to concomitant disturbances in brain function, potentially through similar mechanisms underpinning pathology, which may impact on performance as fatigue or reduced function, especially during extreme exercise. 相似文献
6.
亚低温对大鼠急性脑梗死后脑组织内Ca2+、Mg2+、EAA及血浆ET变化的影响 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4
目的 探讨亚低温对大鼠急性脑梗死后脑组织内Ca2 + 、Mg2 + 、兴奋性氨基酸 (EAA)及血浆内皮素 (ET)变化的影响及意义。方法 将 48只SD大鼠随机分为亚低温组及对照组 ,各组再分为 4个亚组 ,每亚组 6只 ,应用改良线拴法制备大鼠大脑中动脉梗死模型 ;亚低温组大鼠给予亚低温治疗 ,而对照组不作亚低温处理。分别于缺血后 1h、2h、4h、8h处死 1亚组 ,检测缺血区脑组织内Ca2 + 、Mg2 + 、EAA及血浆ET含量。结果 亚低温组大鼠缺血区脑组织内Ca2 + 、Mg2 + 、EAA及血浆ET含量随着缺血时间的延长仅轻度升高 ,Mg2 + 含量的下降也不明显 ,与对照组同时段比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 亚低温能明显阻止实验大鼠脑缺血后缺血区脑组织内损伤性因子Ca2 + 、EAA和ET含量的增高及保护性因子Mg2 + 的下降 ,具有脑保护作用 相似文献
7.
目的 :研究反复性脑缺血丘脑神经元的病理损害及其机制。方法 :应用45Ca放射自显影及光镜对比研究大鼠单次性和反复性脑缺血及 NMDA受体拮抗剂 MK- 80 1治疗后丘脑钙积聚和神经元损害的病理改变。结果 :反复缺血组丘脑异常钙积聚与神经元损害明显重于单次缺血组 ;MK- 80 1能显著减轻和改善丘脑钙积聚与组织病理损害。结论 :反复非致死性短暂脑缺血导致丘脑腹侧神经元显著累积性损害 ,兴奋性氨基酸及 Ca2 +可能起着重要作用。 相似文献
8.
电针对大鼠脑出血模型海马组织氨基酸含量的影响 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6
目的 :观察不同电针对大鼠脑出血模型海马组织氨基酸含量的影响 ,探讨电针对脑出血大鼠保护作用的可能机制。方法 :选择胶原酶加肝素联合注射法诱导脑出血大鼠模型 ,采用反相高效液相色谱荧光法观察电针不同穴位对大鼠海马氨基酸含量的影响。结果 :造模后模型组海马组织兴奋性氨基酸 (ASP、Glu)和抑制性氨基酸 (GABA)明显升高 ,存在着兴奋性氨基酸 (EAA) /抑制性氨基酸 (IAA)平衡失调。针水组能降低造模所致的Glu和GABA的升高 ,和模型组比有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5) ,而对ASP的降低作用不明显 ,和模型组比无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5) ;针风组能降低造模所致的ASP和Glu的升高 ,和模型组比有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5) ,而对GABA的降低作用不明显 ,和模型组比无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5)。结论 :针水组、针风组能抑制不同兴奋性氨基酸(Glu、ASP)的释放 ,纠正兴奋性氨基酸 (EAA) /抑制性氨基酸 (IAA)失衡 ,从而达到减轻脑出血后脑组织损害的作用。 相似文献
9.
Bespalov AY Dravolina OA Zvartau EE Beardsley PM Balster RL 《European journal of pharmacology》2000,390(3):303-311
NMDA receptor antagonists have been reported to affect learned behaviors conditioned with abused drugs, with the outcome dependent, in part, on the class of NMDA receptor antagonist used. The present study tested the ability of various site-selective NMDA receptor antagonists to modify cocaine-conditioned motor activity. Two procedures were used for independently assessing drug effects on spontaneous activity and expression of cocaine-conditioned behavior. In the conditioning experiments, rats were administered i.p. injections of cocaine (30 mg/kg) or saline paired with distinctive environments. Spontaneous horizontal activity was dose-dependently enhanced by dizocilpine (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) and memantine (1-30 mg/kg), but not by D-CPPene (3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid; SDZ EAA 494; 1-10 mg/kg), ACEA-1021 (5-nitro-6,7-dichloro-1,4-dihydro-2, 3-quinoxalinedione; 3-56 mg/kg), or eliprodil (3-30 mg/kg). Higher doses of memantine, D-CPPene (1-10 mg/kg), eliprodil (3-30 mg/kg), or ACEA-1021 reduced vertical activity. Following five cocaine-environment pairings, rats displayed significant increases in motor activity when exposed to the cocaine-paired environment. The following antagonists were administered prior to the conditioning test: dizocilpine (MK-801; 0.03-0.1 mg/kg), memantine (1-10 mg/kg), D-CPPene (0.3-3 mg/kg), ACEA-1021 (3-10 mg/kg), and eliprodil (1-10 mg/kg). Of these, memantine, ACEA-1021 and, to the lesser degree, eliprodil attenuated expression of cocaine-conditioned motor activity at doses that did not significantly affect spontaneous motor activity. These results show that cocaine-conditioned behaviors can be selectively modulated by some, but not all, NMDA receptor antagonists. 相似文献
10.
Amira Kassis Jean-Philippe Godin Sophie E. Moille Corine Nielsen-Moennoz Karine Groulx Sylviane Oguey-Araymon Fabienne Praplan Maurice Beaumont Julien Sauser Irina Monnard Anne-France Kapp Corinne Ammon-Zufferey Nathalie Frei Laurence Guignard Frederik Delodder Katherine Mace 《Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)》2019,38(4):1570-1580