Proteases and antiproteases related to the coagulation system in plasma and ascites — An approach to differentiate between malignant and cirrhotic ascites

Summary The concentrations of several proteases and antiproteases known to be present in ascites were tested in plasma and ascitic fluid with regard to their ability to separate ascites according to malignant or nonmalignant disease. Seventeen patients with proven malignant ascites and 37 with ascites due to liver cirrhosis were included. Activities of plasminogen, ₂-antiplasmin, antithrombin-III, and factor V, and the concentration of ₁-protease inhibitor were significantly higher in the plasma of patients with malignant ascites than in cirrhotic patients. Fibronectin, plasminogen, ₂-macroglobulin, ₁-protease inhibitor, antithrombin-III, and albumin revealed higher concentrations or activities in malignant ascites than in cirrhotic ascites. Due to a wide variation of most parameters, only fibronectin, antithrombin III, and ₁-protease inhibitor in ascites had a sensitivity and specificity higher than 90% for malignant ascites. When the specific protein/albumin ratio was used, only the accuracy of fibronectin was increased reaching a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The plasma/ascites gradients of the proteins assessed differed significantly, that of fibronectin being much higher (22±7) than that of all other proteins. In malignant ascites fibronectin concentration was only correlated with ₁-protease inhibitor concentration but not with the concentration or activity of all other proteins, while in cirrhotic ascites most proteins revealed a positive correlation.The determination of the fibronectin concentration or the fibronectin/albumin ratio in ascites can differentiate malignant and nonmalignant ascites. All other proteases and antiproteases assessed are of lesser value for this purpose, although most are significantly increased in ascites and plasma of patients with malignant disorders.Abbreviations ₂AP ₂-Antiplasmin - ₁PI ₁-Protease inhibitor - AT III Antithrombin III - FDP Fibrin(ogen) degradation products - FM Fibrin monomers - ₂MG ₂-Macroglobulin - PTT Partial thromboplastin time - RT Reptilase time     

215例急性和亚急性重型肝炎临床特征对比性分析

目的进一步了解急性重型和亚急性重型肝炎（简称急重和亚急重）患者的临床特征，以及它们之间的异同。方法收集和整理215例急重和亚急重住院患者的临床资料，使用X^2检验、t检验、回归分析等方法进行相关的统计学分析。结果①乙型肝炎病毒感染仍是急重和亚急重型肝炎的主要病因，均占30％以上。抗结核药物是药物性急重和亚急重肝炎的首要原因；②急重和亚急重患者肝性脑病发生率分别为78．13％和43．05％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）；③急重患者的平均凝血酶原活动度低于20％，而亚急重患者平均凝血酶原活动度低于30％；④急重患者发生率前三位的并发症分别为肝性脑病、电解质紊乱及脑水肿；而亚急重则分别为腹水、电解质紊乱及肝性脑病；⑤急重和亚急重患者的病死率与病情最重时PT、WBC及中性粒细胞比例均呈正相关，而与PTA、TC均呈负相关；亚急重还与病情最重时TB、BLA及CRE呈正相关，与CHE、TG、PLT、ALB呈负相关。结论①急重和亚急重患者无论在好发年龄、肝性脑病发生率、肝性脑病出现时间，还是在凝血功能异常、预后与实验室指标等方面差异较大，属两个独立的疾病；②对于无肝性脑病的急重和亚急重患者，严重的凝血功能异常是一个重要的灵敏和特异性指标。     

CYTOLOGIC FEATURES OF ASCITES IN MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA OF THE COLON

The cytologic features of ascitic fluid in a case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of the colon are described. At autopsy, two solid tumor masses were found around the ascending and transverse colon, accompanied by about 3,000 ml of ascites. Tumor cells had infiltrated diffusely into the outer layers of almost all of the gastrointestinal wall, simulating peritonitis carcinomatosa. Cytologic examination of the ascites revealed various kinds of tumor cells; short spindle-like cells, multinucleated giant cells, and round cells with an invaginated nuclear margin, forming small clusters. These cytologic findings were considered to be very useful in the diagnosis of MFH, especially in cytologic examinations of ascites. ACTA PATHOL JPN 38: 921 ∼ 928, 1988.     

Effekte einer Captopriltherapie auf die Natrium- und Wasserausscheidung bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose und Aszites

Summary Ascites in patients with cirrhosis of the liver frequently is refractory to diuretic treatment. It was postulated that vasoconstriction of the renal cortex, mediated by activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS), may be one course of the disturbed sodium- and water-excretion in these patients. We therefore investigated in 14 cirrhotic patients with ascites under constant diuretic treatment the effects of low-dose captopril therapy on urinary sodium- and potassium-excretion, body weight, abdominal girth, serum-sodium,-potassium, creatinine-clearance, plasma-renin-activity (PRA), plasma-aldosterone (PA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). After a control period of 4 days the patients received 2 × 6.25 mg/d captopril for 5 days and 4 × 6.25 mg/d for further 5 days. Treatment was followed by a second control period without captopril.PRA increased significantly after 2 days of captopril treatment. 2 × 6.25 mg/d captopril induced a significant increase in sodium excretion and a significant decrease of body weight. MAP decreased slightly but significantly without clinical signs of hypotension. 4 × 6.25 mg/d captopril resulted in a further reduction of body weight and a further enhancement of sodium excretion. Three days after withdrawal of captopril sodium output was significantly reduced again. Conclusion: In cirrhotic patients low-dose captopril seems to be efficient in the treatment of ascites resistant to diuretics without causing major side effects.

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Abkürzungen ACE Angiotensin-Converting-Enzym - A-II Angiotensin II - C_{H 2 O} Frei-Wasser-Clearance - C_Krea Kreatinin-Clearance - C_Osmo Osmolale Clearance - g Gramm - h Stunde - kg Kilogramm - l/d Liter pro Tag - MAP Mittlerer arterieller Blutdruck - mg Milligramm - mg/d Milligramm pro Tag - ml/min Milliliter pro Minute - mmHg Millimeter Quecksilbersäule (Torr) - mmol/d Millimol pro Tag - NaCl Natriumchlorid - ng/ml/h Nanogramm pro Milliliter und Stunde - PA Plasma-Aldosteron - pg/ml Picogramm pro Milliliter - PRA Plasma-Renin-Aktivität - RAAS Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System - SEM Standardfehler des Mittelwertes - S_Krea Kreatininkonzentration im Serum - S_Osm Serum-Osmolalität - U_Krea Kreatininkonzentration im Urin - U_Osm Urin-Osmolalität - V Urinminutenvolumen - vgl. vergleiche - µmol/l Micromol pro Liter     

自身腹水回输治疗肝硬化腹水机制的研究

目的 :探讨自身腹水回输治疗肝硬化腹水机制。方法 :将 40例常规治疗疗效不佳的肝硬化腹水病人随机分为两组 :实验组放腹水 2 0 0 0ml,其中 1 0 0 0ml静脉回输 ,再静脉注射速尿 6 0mg ;对照组放腹水 2 0 0 0ml,静脉点滴白蛋白 1 0g ,再静脉注射速尿 6 0mg。结果 :实验组术前、术后、术后第 4d血浆醛固酮 (ALD)、血浆心钠素 (ANF)、血浆内皮素 (ET)及术前、术后尿量、肾动脉血流量与对照组无明显差异 ;但是实验组血清白蛋白升高较稳定。结论 :自身腹水回输治疗肝硬化腹水的机制在于同时消除腹水和扩容两大治疗原则。由于有许多血管活性物质的参与 ,可能逆转了发生腹水的某些病理生理环节     

免疫细胞化学在胸腹水细胞学诊断中的应用

目的:探讨免疫细胞化学在细胞学诊断中的应用。方法:用常规技术和免疫细胞化学方法对70例胸腹水标本进行观察。结果:47例检出恶性和异型增生细胞,23例检测出良性和增生间皮细胞,CEA阳性率分别为55.3%,17.3%,差异显著。根据CEA、EMA、Keratin、Vimentin的表达有6例识别转移癌和增生间皮细胞。根据AFP、MG-7表达帮助确定6例肿瘤的原发灶。结论:免疫细胞化学能提高胸腹水细胞学诊断的准确性。     

腹水酸溶性蛋白测定与临床观察

目的　建立腹水酸溶性蛋白 (acidsolationprotein ,ASP)的测定方法 ,观察不同性质腹水中ASP的动态变化。方法　用分光光度法检测ASP在酸性环境中与考马斯亮蓝 (coomassiebilliantblue ,CBB)结合的OD值 ,与已知标准比较 ,得出腹水ASP的实际含量。结果　该方法操作简便、显色稳定、灵敏度高、线性范围宽、回收试验满意、准确可靠。实验结果表明 :渗出性腹水与漏出性腹水ASP含量相差明显 (t =11 3,P <0 0 1) ,癌性渗出性腹水与癌性漏出性腹水及非癌性漏出性腹水ASP含量相差显著 (t=2 4 1,P <0 0 1)。结论　腹水ASP测定经临床动态观察 ,可作为判定腹水性质的一项有益指标。     

端粒酶检测对良恶性腹腔积液鉴别诊断价值的探讨

目的 检测腹腔积液脱落细胞端粒酶活性，探讨端粒酶对良恶性腹腔积液的鉴别诊断价值。方法 运用半定量TRAP-银染法，检测38例恶性腹腔积液和20例良性腹腔积液(对照组)脱落细胞端粒酶活性。结果 肝硬化、结核性腹膜炎腹腔积液脱落细胞检测未发现端粒酶活性，而38例癌性腹腔积液36例(94．7％)端粒酶阳性。所有细胞学检查阳性的恶性腹腔积液端粒酶均为阳性，而3例恶性腹腔积液者，细胞学检查阴性但端粒酶阳性，当复查细胞学检查时，其中1例发现了癌细胞。结论 癌性腹腔积液端粒酶阳性。端粒酶活性的检测对良、恶性腹腔积液有重要鉴别诊断价值，尤其对细胞学检查阴性的病例。     

重度妊高征并发腹水48例临床分析

目的 :分析重度妊娠高血压综合征 (简称妊高征 )并发腹水的临床特点和防治方法。方法 :将我院 1996年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 12月间 2 0 4例重度妊高征分为并发腹水组 (A组 ,4 8例 )和未并发腹水组 (B组 ,15 6例 ) ,比较其临床特点。结果 :A、B两组间比较 ,终止妊娠的时间、肝功能检查总蛋白、白蛋白、白 /球比值、乳酸脱氢酶、血肌酐、2 4小时尿蛋白定量、宫内死胎发生率、新生儿早产发生率、孕产妇并发症的发生率差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :重度妊娠高血压综合征并发腹水病情极为严重 ,应及时终止妊娠 ,分娩后腹水可消退 ;早期、系统、定期的产前检查可及时发现、预防重度妊高征及并发症的发生。     

P-选择素和内皮素-1检测在腹水鉴别诊断中的价值

目的:通过检测不同病因腹水中P-选择素(P-selectin)和内皮素-1(ET-1)的含量,探讨其在鉴别腹水性质中的意义。方法:83例来自临床上已确诊病人的腹水标本,分为3组:结核组(21例),恶性肿瘤组(29)和肝硬化组(33例)。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测P-选择素水平,放免法检测ET-1含量。结果:结核性腹水P-selec-tin水平为(9.27±1.55)ng/L,肿瘤性腹水水平为(4.89±1.38)ng/L,肝硬化腹水水平为(2.21±1.44)ng/L。结核性腹水ET-1水平为(68.24±19.48)ng/L,肿瘤性腹水水平为(42.17±16.40)ng/L,肝硬化腹水水平为(22.46±16.77)ng/L,P-selectin和ET-1水平在结核性腹水中明显高于肿瘤性腹水(P<0.05)和肝硬化性腹水(P<0.01),两者水平在肿瘤性腹水和肝硬化腹水之间的也存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:P-selectin和ET-1的表达与机体炎症反应被激活及肿瘤的侵袭与转移有关,故结核性及肿瘤性腹水中P-selectin和ET-1水平有不同程度的增高,P-selectin及ET-1水平可作为一种筛选手段,以初步鉴别腹水的性质。