Flavonoids and stilbenoids as a promising arsenal for the management of chronic arsenic toxicity

Rapid industrial and technological development has impacted ecosystem homeostasis strongly. Arsenic is one of the most detrimental environmental toxins and its management with chelating agents remains a matter of concern due to associated adverse effects. Thus, safer and more effective alternative therapy is required to manage arsenic toxicity. Based on existing evidence, native and indigenous plant-based active biomolecules appear as a promising strategy to mitigate arsenic-induced toxicity with an acceptable safety profile. In this regard, various phytochemicals (flavonoids and stilbenoids) are considered important classes of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant and chelation effects, which may facilitate the removal of arsenic from the body more effectively and safely with regard to conventional approaches. This review presents an overview of conventional chelating agents and the potential role of flavonoids and stilbenoids in ameliorating arsenic toxicity. This report may provide a roadmap for identifying novel prophylactic/therapeutic strategies for managing arsenic toxicity.     

Assessment of heavy metals by ICP-OES and their impact on insulin stimulating hormone and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes

Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) have recently emerged as major health concerns owing to their strong association with diabetes mellitus (DM). We aimed to investigate the heavy metals exposure towards incidence of DM at various enzymatic and hormonal levels. Additionally, association of As and Cd with Zinc (Zn, essential metal) was also evaluated. Spot urine samples were collected to assess As, Cd and Zn through ICP-OES. Serum was analyzed by assay method for fasting blood glucose, liver and renal function biomarkers. ELISA was performed to investigate the impact of heavy metals on HbA1c, α-amylase, DPP-IV, IGF-1, leptin, GSH, MDA, SOD, HDL, FFA, TG and interleukin (IL)-6. Association of heavy metals with DM was measured by odds ratio (OR) and level of significance was assessed by Chi-squared test. Unpaired student's t-test was used to compare DM-associated risk factors in heavy metals-exposed and unexposed participants. As and Cd were detectable in 75.4% and 83% participants with mean concentration of 75.5 ppb and 54.5 ppb, respectively. For As exposure, OR in the third quartile was maximum ie 1.34 (95% CI, 0.80 to 2.23), however the result was not statistically significant (P > .05). For Cd exposure, OR in the fourth quartile was considerably high, 1.62 (95% CI, 1.00 to 2.61), with a significant probability value (P < .05). Urinary Cd was negatively associated with Zn. As and Cd exposure increases the incidence of DM in the general population. Impaired hormonal and enzymatic levels in diabetic and non-diabetic exposed participants reflect the multiple organ damage by heavy metal exposure.     

氧化砷对小鼠腹水型肝癌细胞的作用

目的 :研究氧化砷对移植性腹水型肝癌细胞的抗癌作用。方法 :肝癌细胞 (1 8× 10 7)接种入小鼠腹腔。对照组注射NS(0 8mL) ,余组用氧化砷 (1,2 ,3μmol/L)腹腔注射 ,每日 1次 ,共 10日。结果 :第 10天腹水细胞计数 ,1,2和 3μmol/L组瘤细胞锐减 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但第 16天腹水肿瘤细胞急骤增加。结论 :氧化砷对腹水肿瘤细胞有暂时抑制作用。     

三氧化二砷纳米微粒对抑制兔血管平滑肌细胞增殖作用的实验研究

目的 了解纳米微粒与普通剂型的三氧化二砷（As2O3）对抑制体外培养的兔血管平滑肌细胞（VSMC）增殖作用的差别。方法 对照组为不加药物的细胞，实验组为3μmol／L纳米微粒和普通剂型的As2O3，干预体外培养的兔VSMC细胞72h，进行四唑氮盐（MTT）染色测定细胞吸光度（A）值。用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况，提取细胞DNA，进行凝胶电泳分析，将3组的结果进行比较。结果 3μmol／L纳米剂型的As2O3，干预细胞，细胞数量随作用时间的延长逐渐减少，细胞生长明显受抑制，而普通剂型干预细胞，生长受抑制程度较纳米剂型弱。24h时，对照组、3μmol／L普通剂型组与纳米组，A值分别为0．68±0．10、0．58±0．12、0．33±0．12，48h时分别为0．79±0．11、0．48±0．14、0．28±0．11，72h时分别为0．96±0．13、0．34±0．15、0．20士0．06，差异均有统计学意义（Ⅳ值分别为10．934、15．039、15．539，P值均〈0．01）。流式细胞仪检测，纳米剂型As2O3、普通剂型As2O3干预及对照组的细胞干预48h，细胞增殖率分别为44．97％、58．54％、74．02％，早期凋亡率分别为16．89％、11．27％、11．20％，晚期凋亡率分别为26．56％、23．60％、12．46％，坏死细胞分别为11．58％、6．59％、2．32％。DNA电泳，As2O3干预细胞，可见凋亡梯形条带，部分细胞坏死，呈模糊的无间隔片状条带。纳米剂型药物作用的细胞DNA条带，梯形条带更多、更模糊。结论 As2O3，可以抑制体外培养的VSMC增殖，且纳米剂型As2O3较普通剂型的As2O3，对细胞抑制作用更强。     

三氧化二砷对CO2气腹下小鼠肿瘤腹壁戳口种植影响的实验研究

目的 研究腹腔内注射三氧化二砷(arsenic trioxide,As2O3)对小鼠CO2气腹下肝癌H22转移的影响. 方法 昆明鼠40只(清洁级),中腹部穿刺置入1 mm套管针,自套管针注入1×106肿瘤细胞后,建立CO2气腹,压力8 mm Hg,时间30 min.术后随机分4组,每组10只,分别腹腔内注入生理盐水,1 ml;As2O3(2 mg/kg),1 ml;As2O3(4 mg/kg),1 ml;As2O3(4mg/kg)+肝素(10 U/ml),共1 ml.气腹后第3、7天测量肿瘤黏附因子(CD44)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的变化;比较各组生存状态、腹围、体重变化及转移瘤直径.结果 气腹后第3、7天,与对照组相比,各As2O3组CD44、VEGF表达均明显降低(P＜0.05).2个高剂量组的气腹后第3天VEGF、第7天CD44比低剂量组降低明显(P＜0.05).4组戳口种植率分别为9/10、8/10、7/10、6/10,差异无显著性(x2=2.667,P=0.446). 结论 As2O3对CO2气腹腹腔镜肿瘤生长转移有抑制作用.     

对Hazelton等提出的云锡矿工肺癌主要危险来自砷的商榷

Using two-stage clonal expansion model with data-base provided by Lubin, WD Hazehon et al indicated the high risk of arsenic, but not radon, in the etiology of Yunnan tin miner' s lung cancer. The author of this review iterated the problems in the data-base of Lubin,and considered that it may result in low estimate for the risk of radon in paper of Hazehon et al. Attributable risk was estimated by them with changing exposure patterns of each individual, but the efficacy of this two-stage model will be violated by the invariability of appointed radon/arsenic exposures. Risk comparison was used to distinguish the contribution from radon/arsenic, which was hampered by the high correlation between their joint exposures. As Lubin, Hazehon et al neglected the confounding from environmental arsenic pollution in early years. From all of above, their viewpoint is worth to be deliberated.     

三氧化二砷抑制骨肉瘤细胞及二倍体细胞增殖的研究

目的　研究三氧化二砷 (As2 O3 )对骨肉瘤细胞及二倍体细胞增殖的影响。方法　应用噻唑蓝 (MTT)法和集落形成能力测定、形态学观察、流式细胞术和电镜观察等方法检测和观察As2 O3 对骨肉瘤细胞株MG 63及二倍体细胞株MRC 5增殖的影响。结果　As2 O3 对骨肉瘤细胞及二倍体细胞株的增殖有抑制作用 ,并具有时间依赖性和一定范围内的剂量依赖性。≥ 1μmol/L浓度的As2 O3 对MG 63骨肉瘤细胞的抑制率达 70 % ,而≥ 8μmol/L浓度的As2 O3 对MRC 5细胞的增殖才达到相近的抑制率 ;0 .5～ 2 .0 μmol/L浓度的As2 O3 对MG 63细胞的生长抑制率高 ,而对MRC 5细胞的生长抑制率低 ,表现为明显的选择性抑制 ( P <0 .0 1)。 1μmol/LAs2 O3 处理的MG 63细胞第 3天呈典型的凋亡形态学改变 ;流式细胞仪分析显示 ,在G1期细胞前出现明显亚二倍体峰 ,凋亡率与As2 O3 处理时间呈正相关 ;MRC 5细胞则未见明显凋亡峰。结论　As2 O3 通过诱导细胞凋亡抑制骨肉瘤细胞和二倍体细胞增殖 ,在一定浓度内As2 O3 可选择性抑制骨肉瘤细胞的生长增殖。     

bcl-2/bax mRNA在三氧化二砷体外诱导人胆管癌细胞株凋亡中的表达

目的 观察bcl-2、bax mRNA在三氧化二砷(As2O3)诱导人类胆管癌株QBC939、RBE细胞凋亡中的表达.方法 Rhodamine123染色检测线粒体膜通透性变化;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测bcl-2、bax mRNA的表达.结果 As2O3干预,实验组Rhodamine123荧光染色强度较对照组明显减弱;凝胶成像检测bcl-2/β-actin mRNA A比值,QBC939、RBE细胞对照组分别为0.41±0.03、0.84±0.03;24 h实验组为0.01±0.01、0.43±0.02.bax/GAPDHmRNAA比值QBC939、RBE细胞对照组分别为0.21±0.01、0.42±0.04;24 h实验组为1.44±0.16、1.15±0.21,对照组与实验组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 As2O3可能增加胆管癌细胞株线粒体膜的通透性,下调bcl-2mRNA表达,上调bax mRNA的表达,可能启动了线粒体凋亡信号传导途径.     

新银盐法测定化妆品中微量砷的研究

本文以硝酸——硝酸银——聚乙烯醇——乙醇为砷化氢吸收显色剂测定化妆品中的微量砷,操作简便快速,灵敏度高,重现性好。摩尔吸光系数为二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银法(DDC—Ag法)的5.7倍。     

2006年新疆且末县饮水氟砷及地方性氟中毒调查报告

目的 了解新疆且末县生活饮用水氟、砷含量及地方性氟中毒(下简称地氟)病情. 方法 2006年5～9月对且末县30个行政村饮用水氟含量和15个行政村水砷含量进行了筛查,对20个行政村降氟、降砷改水工程使用情况进行了调查及水氟、水砷含量检测;地方性氟中毒病情检查3 164人,其中8～12岁学生检查1 242人,成人检查1 922人.结果 且末县56.3%地下水水氟含量偏高,水砷不高,儿童氟斑牙率40.41%. 结论 新疆且末县尚有部分居民患地氟病,应引起重视.