Development of rapid,sensitive one-tube duplex RT-PCR assay for specific and differential diagnosis of Chikungunya and dengue

Chikungunya and dengue, two arboviral infections are common in South-East Asia and their early clinical manifestations are very similar hence it is important to discriminate between them as early as possible for better clinical management. The aim of this study was to design a rapid, sensitive and specific method for the differential diagnosis of these two viruses simultaneously. A rapid one-tube duplex RT-PCR assay was developed that requires 110 min including RNA extraction, RT-PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis by using a novel Taq polymerase with high processivity. This one-tube duplex RT-PCR system with primers designed from the conserved regions of the genome allowed discrimination between the two viral groups. Bioinformatics analysis of the DNA sequences from PCR amplified products confirmed that this method was very specific and accurate. The time required for this duplex RT-PCR was comparable to the standard IgM capture ELISA method. This novel approach would help to diagnose specifically and accurately these two closely related arboviruses and enable early detection from blood. This method could be applied in resource limited settings, for surveillance in endemic regions or for routine epidemiological screening.     

Analytical and clinical performance of molecular assay used by the Brazilian public laboratory network to detect and discriminate Zika,Dengue and Chikungunya viruses in blood

In response to the Zika epidemics in Brazil, the ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) was developed and registered at the Brazilian Regulatory Agency of Health Surveillance - ANVISA. The circulation of Zika (ZIKV) Dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses and their clinical similarities are challenges to correctly diagnose these viruses. The simultaneous detection of ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV is an important tool for diagnosis and surveillance. Here, we present the analytical and clinical performance evaluation of ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) at the public health laboratories three years after its registration at ANVISA. The clinical performance demonstrates the ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) has 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity to detect and discriminate ZIKV, CHIKV, and DENV from clinical plasma samples. The ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) results were highly reproducible and no cross-reactivity was seen during testing with a panel of other infectious agents. In conclusion, the ZDC molecular assay (Bio-Manguinhos) is an accurate and reliable tool to monitor Zika, dengue and chikungunya infections in countries like Brazil with simultaneous circulation of the three viruses.     

Rift Valley fever in Chad

To evaluate the importance of human exposure to Rift Valley fever virus in Chad, investigations were carried out to determine specific antibody prevalence in domestic ruminants during the 2002 rainy season. Results highlighted recent, substantial, active transmission of this virus.     

2007年山西省部分地区虫媒病毒调查

目的 调查山西省部分地区的虫媒病毒,在当地采集蚊虫标本进行病毒的分离与鉴定.方法 2007年7月和8月在当地采集蚊虫标本,通过组织细胞培养进行病毒分离,利用分子生物学和生物信息学技术对病毒分离物进行鉴定与分析.结果 分离到10株病毒分离物,鉴定结果显示分离株SX0765、SX0766、SX0767、SX0771、SX0789、SX0790、SX0793、SX0794、SX0795、SX0796均为版纳病毒;此外,分离株SX0771和SX0794还同时存在辽宁病毒基因.进一步分析显示版纳病毒新分离株与此前在北京、云南和辽宁分离到的病毒株之间存在明显差异,同源性在89.7%～94.1%之间.结论 在山西省分离到10株版纳病毒和两株辽宁病毒,版纳病毒与我国其他地区分离株有明显差异,在进化上相对独立.     

Arbovirus prevalence in mosquitoes, Kenya

Few studies have investigated the many mosquito species that harbor arboviruses in Kenya. During the 2006-2007 Rift Valley fever outbreak in North Eastern Province, Kenya, exophilic mosquitoes were collected from homesteads within 2 affected areas: Gumarey (rural) and Sogan-Godud (urban). Mosquitoes (n = 920) were pooled by trap location and tested for Rift Valley fever virus and West Nile virus. The most common mosquitoes trapped belonged to the genus Culex (75%). Of 105 mosquito pools tested, 22% were positive for Rift Valley fever virus, 18% were positive for West Nile virus, and 3% were positive for both. Estimated mosquito minimum infection rates did not differ between locations. Our data demonstrate the local abundance of mosquitoes that could propagate arboviral infections in Kenya and the high prevalence of vector arbovirus positivity during a Rift Valley fever outbreak.     

新疆南部地区蜱传虫媒病毒分子生物学调查

目的了解新疆南部地区蜱传虫媒病毒的种类和分布情况。方法在新疆南部地区的23个采集地36个采集点,采集蜱标本5045只,分别建立蜱标本cDNA文库,用PCR方法检测标本可能携带的病毒。结果黄病毒属引物、加利福尼亚血清组病毒引物对34份cDNA文库检测结果均为阴性;内罗毕病毒属引物和新疆出血热病毒巢式引物在巴楚县蜱标本中检测到新疆出血热(XHF)病毒核酸序列,对检测到的XHF病毒L和S片段进行系统进化分析。结论对新疆南部地区5045只蜱进行四种六对引物的PCR检测,未检出黄病毒属和加利福尼亚血清组病毒核酸序列,获得新疆出血热病毒L和S片段的核酸序列,研究了其分子流行特征。     

Prevalence of Guillain-Barré syndrome among Zika virus infected cases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emergent flavivirus transmitted mainly through Aedes spp. mosquitoes that is posing challenge to healthcare services in countries experiencing an outbreak. Usually ZIKV infection is mild, but in some cases it has been reported to progress into neurological diseases such as microcephaly in infants and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in adults. GBS is a debilitating autoimmune disorder that affects peripheral nerves. Since ZIKV caused massive outbreaks in South America in the past few years, we aimed to systematically review the literature and perform a meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of GBS among ZIKV-infected individuals. We searched PubMed and Cochrane databases and selected three studies for a meta-analysis. We estimated the prevalence of ZIKV-associated GBS to be 1.23% (95% CI = 1.17–1.29%). Limitations include paucity of data regarding previous flavivirus infections and ZIKV-infection confirmation issues. Our estimate seems to be low, but cannot be ignored, since ZIKV outbreaks affects an overwhelming number of individuals and GBS is a life-threatening debilitating condition, especially in pregnant women. ZIKV infection cases must be closely followed to assure prompt care to reduce the impact of GBS associated-sequelae on the quality of life of those affected.     

Molecular epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus, New York

Perpetuation, overwintering, and extinction of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) in northern foci are poorly understood. We therefore sought to describe the molecular epidemiology of EEEV in New York State during current and past epizootics. To determine whether EEEV overwinters, is periodically reintroduced, or both, we sequenced the E2 and partial NSP3 coding regions of 42 EEEV isolates from New York State and the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. Our phylogenetic analyses indicated that derived subclades tended to contain southern strains that had been isolated before genetically similar northern strains, suggesting southern to northern migration of EEEV along the Eastern Seaboard. Strong clustering among strains isolated during epizootics in New York from 2003-2005, as well as from 1974-1975, demonstrates that EEEV has overwintered in this focus. This study provides molecular evidence for the introduction of southern EEEV strains to New York, followed by local amplification, perpetuation, and overwintering.     

Zika virus as an emerging arbovirus of international public health concern

Zika virus (ZIKV) was identified in 1947 in a rhesus monkey during an investigation of the yellow fever virus in the Zika Forest of Uganda; it was also isolated later from humans in Nigeria. The main distribution areas of ZIKV were the African mainland and South-East Asia in the 1980s, Micronesia in 2007, and more recently the Americas in 2014. ZIKV belongs to the Flaviviridae family and Flavivirus genus. ZIKV infection, which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is an emerging arbovirus disease. The clinical symptoms of ZIKV infection are fever, headache, rashes, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis, which clinically resemble dengue fever syndrome. Sometimes, ZIKV infection has been associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. At the end of 2015, following an increase in cases of ZIKV infection associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly in newborns in Brazil, the World Health Organization declared a global emergency. Therefore, considering the global distribution and pathogenic nature of this virus, the current study aimed at reviewing the virologic features, transmission patterns, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ZIKV infection.