Translocation t(6;14) as the Sole Chromosomal Abnormality in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Base of Tongue

We present an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the base of tongue in a 48-year-old male with a restricted chromosomal alteration by cytogenetic and spectral karyotypic analysis (SKY). SKY and G-banding analyses identified the t(6;14)(q25;q13) as the sole structural aberration in all metaphases analyzed. This finding supports a critical role for this event in the development of this tumor. The implications of chromosome 6q translocation in this case and in previously reported adenoid cystic carcinomas are highlighted and discussed.     

Towards unlimited colors for fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH)

We describe a FISH protocol that allows rehybridization of complex DNA probes up to four times to the same specimen. This strategy, which we termed ReFISH, opens a wide range of new applications to conventional band pass filter epifluorescence microscopy. These include M-FISH karyotyping and cross-species color banding that emulate multiplex probe sets labeled with up to 12 fluorochromes in sequential hybridizations to the same specimen. We designed a human 24-color karyotyping probe set in combination with a 29-color cross-species color banding probe set using gibbon painting probes. Applying the ReFISH principle, 53 painting probes on individual metaphases were discriminated. This allowed simultaneous screening for inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements on normal human diploid cells, a HeLa derived cell line, and highly rearranged gibbon chromosomes. Furthermore, the present ReFISH experiments successfully combine 24-color FISH with laser scanning confocal microscopy to study the 3D organization of all 46 human chromosome territories in individual interphase cell nuclei.     

Male pseudohermaphrodite with persistent Mullerian duct: A radiologist’s and patient’s dilemma alike

This case study highlights that how a disorder of sexual development when goes unnoticed at birth and unreported during childhood or adolescence can present with major problems and even complications in adulthood. Since our patient was young and in a childbearing age, he presented with bilateral undescended testes and orgasmic anejaculation when he first came to the hospital. Subsequently, having a normal 46XY karyotype but remnants of persistent Mullerian duct made him little confused about his identity. After giving him the confidence, that he was still a male and could lead the life he did previously, the explanation about future risk of malignancy in the intra-abdominal testes was another difficult task. Early detection and management of male pseudohermaphroditism with persistent Mullerian duct requires a co-ordinated approach of a team of endocrinologist, physician, surgeon and radiologist. Integrated imaging in the form of ultrasound, genitography and MRI is important in demonstrating the anatomy, classification, possible effects or congenital malformations in other organs, warning patients of any risk of neoplasia and guiding the clinician to plan other investigations, hormonal replacement or reconstruction surgery if required. Such a systemic approach that allays anxiety and gives psychological relief to the patient should be taken as it can deeply change the life of a person and their family.     

耐药肺腺癌细胞株A549/CDDP生物学特性及染色体核型分析

目的 建立氯氨顺铂诱导肺腺癌耐药细胞株A549／CDDP。分析A549／CDDP生物学特性及染色体核型，为肺腺癌的治疗提供实验依据。方法 采用氯氨顺铂（Cis—diaminodichloroplatin，CDDP）大剂量冲击加逐步诱导法建立肺腺癌耐药细胞株A549／CDDP，MTT法检测细胞耐药指数．生物发光法测定细胞能量代谢，流式细胞仪测试细胞周期，染色体G显带技术和光谱核型分析（spectral karyotyping，SKY）技术分析染色体变化。结果 MTT检测结果表明。A549／CDDP对7种不同的化疗药物表现了不同的耐药性，其ATP、ADP、AMP含量显著降低，细胞周期无明显变化。G显带结果表明A549／CDDP染色体为亚三倍体，SKY分析出现数条衍生染色体。结论 CDDP可以成功诱导肺腺癌耐药细胞株A549／CDDP，A549／CDDP衍生染色体可能与肺腺癌耐药有关。     

1例染色体复杂结构异常患儿的遗传学病因分析

目的明确1例因肌张力低下,生长发育迟缓,反应迟钝就诊患儿的遗传学病因。方法用常规外周血淋巴细胞培养G显带对患儿及其父母进行核型分析,并采用SNP(single nucleotide polymorphisms)基因芯片进行染色体全基因组分析。结果G显带染色体分析初步判定患儿核型为46,XY,t(2; 12; 18; 14)(q31; p13; q21.3; q11.2),为4条染色体复杂易位; SNP芯片检测分析提示患儿染色体18q21.31-q22.3区域存在1.502 2×10~7bp的片段缺失。患儿父母染色体核型及芯片检测未见明显异常,患儿为新发复杂染色体结构异常。结论染色体18q21.31-q22.3微缺失及4条染色体的复杂易位可能是导致患儿疾病表型的重要原因。微阵列芯片有助于发现染色体易位时造成的亚显微结构异常。     

柳州地区6876例产前诊断羊水细胞染色体核型分析

目的分析妊娠中期进行产前诊断的高危孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型,了解此期异常核型出现的频率及类型。方法6887例具备产前诊断指征的妊娠妇女,在知情选择的情况下行羊膜腔穿刺术及染色体核型检测。结果6876例羊水细胞培养成功,成功率为99．84％（6876／6887）。在6876例羊水细胞培养成功的染色体核型中,检出异常核型107例,异常率为1．56％,常见核型为三体型,占异常核型47．66％。结论羊水细胞学检查作为一项产前诊断技术对于指导优生优育,降低缺陷儿的出生具有重要意义。     

探讨染色体微阵列分析技术在产前诊断中的应用

目的 探讨染色体微阵列分析(CMA)技术在产前诊断中的临床应用价值。方法 选择2018年7月至2019年6月在滨州医学院附属医院行羊膜腔穿刺的132例单胎孕妇为研究对象,采用传统染色体核型分析技术与CMA技术对所有病例进行检测,并分析比较两种方法所得出的检测结果。 结果 本研究中染色体核型分析检出1例染色体不平衡变异与13例胎儿非整倍体,CMA检测结果与之相同,但CMA可更精确地给出染色体不平衡变异的异常位点。此外,在3例染色体核型正常的胎儿中,CMA亦检出致病性基因的拷贝数变异,从而对疾病的诊断率提高2.27％。在4例核型正常的胎儿中,CMA检出临床意义不明确的拷贝数变异(CNV),检出率为3.03％;但CMA不能检测出染色体倒位、多态性及平衡易位。 结论 对非整倍体和不平衡染色体变异的检出率,CMA与核型分析相同,但CMA的敏感性和分辨率更高,同时亦可检出其他有临床意义的基因拷贝数。但因CMA技术自身亦有局限性,尚不可完全替代传统染色体核型分析技术。     

Molecular karyotyping in patients with mental retardation using 100K single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays

Background

Using array techniques, it was recently shown that about 10% of patients with mental retardation of unknown origin harbour cryptic chromosomal aneusomies. However, data analysis is currently not standardised and little is known about its sensitivity and specificity.

Methods

We have developed an electronic data analysis tool for gene‐mapping SNP arrays, a software tool that we call Copy Number Variation Finder (CNVF). Using CNVF, we analysed 104 unselected patients with mental retardation of unknown origin with a genechip mapping 100K SNP array and established an optimised set of analysis parameters.

Results

We detected deletions as small as 20 kb when covered by at least three single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and duplications as small as 150 kb when covered by at least six SNPs, with only one false‐positive signal in six patients. In 9.1% of patients, we detected apparently disease‐causing or de novo aberrations ranging in size from 0.4 to 14 Mb. Morphological anomalies in patients with de novo aberrations were equal to that of unselected patients when measured with de Vries score.

Conclusion

Our standardised CNVF data analysis tool is easy to use and has high sensitivity and specificity. As some genomic regions are covered more densely than others, the genome‐wide resolution of the 100K array is about 400–500 kb for deletions and 900–1000 kb for duplications. The detection rate of about 10% of de novo aberrations is independent of selection of patients for particular features. The incidental finding in two patients of heterozygosity for the 250 kb recurrent deletion at the NPH1 locus, associated with autosomal recessive juvenile nephronophthisis, which was inherited from a healthy parent, highlights the fact that inherited aberrations might be disease‐related even though not causal for mental retardation.