Children: Rights, education and equal opportunity

The point of departure in this paper is the concept of RIGHTS. Whereas most countries accept that children have rights as is evidenced in the UNO Declaration of Rights of the Child (1959), such rights are statements, not laws. Statements advocating benefits, care, love, education etc. are goals or beliefs. Few countries have legalised rights; consequently, children may be at risk. In countries where there is discrimination of some degree in respect of race, colour, sex, religion, national or social origin, financial standing in society, level of education and so on, the right to “rights” as stated in the UNO Declaration is further jeopardised. The implications for educational provision from early childhood and onwards in countries where “rights” are not entrenched in statutes or where child advocacy is not forceful enough for all people are examined in this paper. Consequently, the chances for equal opportunity in life are reduced in situations where the child did not receive the benefit of education. Such a child may not perish as he might as a result of being deprived of food, but “the deprivation and injustice, the degradation of an individual and the setting of his vital interests at naught would at least approach in gravity the act of allowing him to die for the want of food” (1981, Wringe). In this paper, the author argues for the Rights of the Child, particularly where discrimination and inequalities exist and where provision for early education has to contend with excessive population growth.     

Dried Wild-Grown Mushrooms Can Be Considered a Source of Selected Minerals

Dried mushrooms might be a source of mineral components, which are indispensable for human health. The aim of this study was to determine the contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and selenium (Se) in dried wild-grown mushrooms (Boletus edulis and Xerocomus badius) available for sale, and to evaluate these mushrooms’ contribution to the daily reference intake of the studied bioelements. The concentrations of mineral components in the mushroom samples were determined by the flame method (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and the electrothermal (Se) atomic absorption spectrometry method. The mean Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn (in mg/kg), and Se concentrations (in µg/kg) in B. edulis were 82.1, 964.1, 233.4, 97.9, 25.3, 22.1, and 6501.6, respectively, whereas in X. badius: 67.5, 1060.2, 87.8, 197.2, 33.9, 19.8, and 282.4, respectively. We have shown that dried B. edulis can be considered a source of Se. In the case of the other microelements, the tested mushrooms may serve only as additional supplements. Therefore, the studied species of mushrooms cannot be regarded as potential nutritional sources of the macroelements in question. Consumers should be properly informed about this, which should be guaranteed by appropriate legal regulations.     

皇岗口岸入境旅客对健康申报制度认知程度的调查

〔目的〕了解皇岗口岸入境旅客对健康申报制度在防控甲型H1N1流感中的认知程度,为提高口岸甲型H1N1流感的检出率提供依据。〔方法〕分析皇岗口岸2009年5—12月随机对入境旅客进行的1000份有效问卷调查,根据性别、年龄、地域3种分类方法,统计分析不同人群对健康申报制度的认知差异。〔结果〕问卷调查显示,未成年组对预防甲型H1N1流感的认知和依从性上均不如青年组和中老年组(P0.05);在个人防护方面中老年组的认知和依从性均较青年组高(P0.05);与大陆内地居民相比,港澳台居民及外国居民能更及时有效的自我预防甲型H1N1流感(P0.05)。〔结论〕甲型H1N1流感防控中应重点对青壮年男性、未成年人及出境旅游3类入境人员加强宣传和预防工作。     

Toward the elimination of lymphatic filariasis by 2020: treatment update and impact assessment for the endgame

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is an important public health problem endemic in 73 countries, where it is a major cause of acute and chronic morbidity and a significant impediment to socioeconomic development. It is targeted for elimination by 2020, through preventive chemotherapy using albendazole in combination with either ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine citrate. Preventive chemotherapy enables the regular and coordinated administration of safe, single-dose medications delivered through mass drug administration (MDA). Many countries are now scaling down MDA activities after achieving 100% geographic coverage and instituting monitoring and evaluation procedures to establish the impact of several consecutive rounds of MDA and determine if transmission has been interrupted. At the same time, countries yet to initiate MDA for elimination of LF will adopt improved mapping and coverage assessment protocols to accelerate the efforts for achieving global elimination by 2020. This review provides an update on treatment for LF and describes the current global status of the elimination efforts, transmission control processes and strategies for measuring impact and continuing surveillance after MDA has ceased.     

中国学术期刊网络首发论文撤回状况的调查分析——以中国知网2017—2019年数据为例

【目的】 了解我国学术期刊网络首发论文出版后的撤稿及更正状况,以及问题论文撤回过程中《中国知网网络出版文献出版状态变更与内容更正规范》(以下简称《规范》)的执行情况。 【方法】 首先,检索CNKI平台2017—2019年带有“撤回”标记的网络首发论文的撤回声明;其次,下载撤回声明并编码保存,将撤回论文的目录导出至参考文献管理软件Endnote X9进行相关统计,将撤稿声明的文本导入到质性研究数据分析软件NVivo 12 Plus进行原因分类;最后,对网络首发撤稿论文的学科分布、来源期刊、撤回原因等进行分析。 【结果】 2017—2019年CNKI共撤回网络首发论文389篇,其中“撤回”论文310篇,“撤稿”论文74篇,“勘误”论文5篇;有明确撤回原因的论文有278篇,占比为71.47%,111篇没有说明撤回原因,占比为28.53%;因学术不端、署名问题、出版管理、质量控制、其他等原因撤回的论文分别为32、25、82、118、21篇。 【结论】 网络首发论文撤回率偏高(389/182654,0.21%),《规范》执行率偏低(6/389,1.54%);撤稿原因不明确、不具体,且存在故意遮掩学术不端事实的现象。学术期刊编辑出版单位和数字化出版平台应进一步规范网络首发论文的流程管理和内容审核,增强撤回原因的透明性、撤回声明的易见性和撤回过程的可回溯性。     

‘It’s the sense of responsibility that keeps you going’: stories and experiences of participation from rural community health workers in Guatemala

Background

In 1978, the Alma-Ata declaration on primary health care (PHC) recognized that the world’s health issues required more than just hospital-based and physician-centered policies. The declaration called for a paradigm change that would allow governments to provide essential care to their population in a universally acceptable manner. The figure of the community health worker (CHW) remains a central feature of participation within the PHC approach, and being a CHW is still considered to be an important way of participation within the health system.

Methods

This study explores how the values and personal motivation of community health workers influences their experience with this primary health care strategy in in the municipality of Palencia, Guatemala. To do this, we used an ethnographic approach and collected data in January-March of 2009 and 2010 by using participant observation and in-depth interviews.

Results

We found that the CHWs in the municipality had a close working relationship with the mobile health team and with the community, and that their positions allowed them to develop leadership and teamwork skills that may prove useful in other community participation processes. The CHWs are motivated in their work and volunteerism is a key value in Palencia, but there is a lack of infrastructure and growth opportunities.

Conclusion

Attention should be paid to keeping the high levels of commitment and integration within the health team as well as keeping up supervision and economic funds for the program.     

Outcome of job change in patients with occupational chromate dermatitis

Patients with allergic contact dermatitis due to dichromate arc repined to have a bad prognosis. Based on the Swiss Law on Accidents Insurance, the Swiss National Accidents Insurance Organization (SNAIO) may issue a declaration of medical inability (DMI) in cases of severe occupational dichromate dermatitis. With such u DMI, an employee is not allowed to perform any further work in contact with dichromate or cement. In this study, we reviewed medical records from 88 construction workers with DMI due to occupational dichromate dermatitis, between 1986 and 1989. Follow-up was performed by standardized questionnaire, 63 patients (72%) healed in the first few years after DMI. These patients mostly changed industry and strictly avoided all contact with cement or chromium salts. A few retired early. The outcome of our study is favorable in comparison to studies from other countries without the DMI mechanism. We conclude that strict allergen avoidance enforced by authorities, and financial support in the case of job change, are important factors in improving the prognosis in occupational dichromate dermatitis.     

对药品注册虚假申报审批的博弈分析

目的:抑制虚假申报,提高药品注册审批效率。方法:通过建立药品注册管制者与被管制者间完全信息静态博弈模型,分析对虚假申报进行审批的影响因素。结果与结论:建立企业及政府责任追究机制有利于提高药品注册审批效率。应建立企业及政府责任追究机制,建立药害赔偿机制,健全药品不良反应监测报告机制。