环子孢子蛋白基因检测法对1例间日疟病例的溯源

对2014年1例初诊为河南省本地感染的间日疟病例进行实验室检测与流行病学溯源调查,以明确其感染来源。收集该病例的流行病学资料,分别采用厚薄血膜吉氏染色法、疟疾快速诊断试纸(RDT)法和巢式PCR法检查患者外周血液,并对其环子孢子蛋白(CSP)基因序列进行分析。流行病学调查显示,该患者曾于2013年5月至缅甸停留约1周,同年6月发病,确诊为间日疟,经青蒿琥酯治疗后,疟原虫转阴,症状消失。CSP基因序列分析显示,该患者前后两次发病时的血样扩增出的CSP序列的中央重复区完全一致,与缅甸分离株(Gen Bank登录号为ABS95455和ABS95456)的序列一致性分别为95.1%和100%,与2个河南分离株HN3和HN7(登录号为KP888996和KP889000)的序列一致性分别为88.8%和67.1%。推测该病例为输入性间日疟复发病例。     

Intensive retreatment of adults and children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Twenty-three patients (16 adults) failing their first or subsequent (n = 8) intensive treatment for de novo acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic myeloid leukemia lymphoid blast phase (n = 2) were managed with protocol POG 8201, originally introduced in relapsed ALL of childhood. In this programme, a four-drug induction phase is followed by early consolidation with teniposide-cytarabine, intrathecal chemotherapy, continuation weekly chemotherapy alternating teniposide-cytarabine with vincristine-cyclophosphamide, and periodic reinduction courses. Fourteen adults and five children with ALL achieved a complete response (CR) (86 per cent). The highest response rate (100 per cent) was obtained in 12 patients treated at first relapse after an initial CR of greater than 18 months (p = 0.07). Median duration of CR was 8 months in adults and 11 months in children. A longer than previous one CR (inversion) was obtained in four cases. Four ALL patients were successfully transplanted from a matched sibling after 3-11 months from achievement of CR. Median overall survival in adults with ALL was 11 months, significantly longer than for 40 comparable cases treated intensively but without rotational continuation therapy in previous years (p less than 0.001). This regimen is applicable to adults with relapsed ALL, where prolongation of survival may allow time for effective salvage with bone marrow transplantation.     

中医药抗消化性溃疡复发的研究

总结了运用中医药疗法对68例消化性溃疡愈合后的患者追踪观察2～4年的临床疗效,显示其具有复发率低的优势;又根据消化性溃疡发生及复发的机制分析了所采用的预防性治疗措施的作用机理;还对溃疡病复发的一些相关问题作了简单论述。     

A placebo controlled trial of remoxipride in the prevention of relapse in chronic schizophrenia

Sixty-two DSM III chronic schizophrenic inpatients were selected for a double-blind, placebo controlled, multi-centre, relapse prevention study of remoxipride, a selective dopamine (D₂)-receptor antagonist. After a 1 month placebo washout, 23 patients had relapsed and were withdrawn. Of the remaining patients 19 were randomised to remoxipride (150–300 mg daily) and 20 to placebo. Their median age was 58 years, 26 were male, and the median duration of illness was 33 years. After 24 weeks a further total of 8 remoxipride and 17 placebo patients had been withdrawn. Excluding three patients withdrawn for reasons other than relapse, the comparative relapse rates were 37% and 75%, respectively (P=0.015). Efficacy analyses using clinical global impression (P=0.04) and change in BPRS scores (P=0.016) were in favour of remoxipride. Extrapyramidal symptoms were minimal in both groups. Treatment emergent adverse events were similar in the two groups. Remoxipride is therefore of potential value as a safe drug which is both effective and well tolerated in the long term management of chronic schizophrenic patients.     

The nociceptin/orphanin FQ/NOP receptor system as a target for treatment of alcohol abuse: a review of recent work in alcohol-preferring rats

The intracerebroventricular administration of the 17 amino acid peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), the endogenous ligand of the NOP receptor (previously referred to as ORL-1 or OP4 receptor), reduces voluntary 10% ethanol intake in genetically selected Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats. Studies aimed at the pharmacological characterization of the receptor, which mediates the effect, have shown that the C-terminal 13 amino acid sequence is crucial for activity and that the selective NOP receptor antagonist [Nphe(1)]N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) blocks the effect of N/OFQ on ethanol drinking. In place conditioning studies, N/OFQ abolishes the conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by ethanol in msP rats, or by morphine in nonselected Wistar rats; these findings suggest that N/OFQ is able to abolish the rewarding properties of ethanol and morphine. Moreover, N/OFQ inhibits reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior induced to electric footshock stress, as well as reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior induced by ethanol-paired cues. Together, these findings suggest that N/OFQ and its receptor may represent an interesting target for pharmacological treatment of alcohol abuse.     

Effects of opiate antagonist treatment on the alcohol deprivation effect in long-term ethanol-experienced rats

Rationale: Opiate antagonists are promising pharmacotherapeutic agents for the treatment of alcohol dependence, reducing craving and relapse rates in weaned alcoholics. However, preclinical findings indicate that they can also increase ethanol consumption and preference in animals with a strong liking for ethanol, depending on the dose and treatment regimen. Objective: The present study examined the effects of chronic, intermittent and acute opiate antagonist treatment on the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) in long-term ethanol- experienced rats, which is an animal model of craving and relapse. Methods: Long-term ethanol-experienced rats were either implanted with mini-osmotic pumps delivering 0, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg per hour naloxone (chronic treatment) or received intermittent naltrexone injections (2×5 mg/kg per day SC). Effects of chronic and intermittent treatment on the ADE were studied in a four-bottle home cage drinking paradigm. In a second experiment, long-term ethanol-experienced rats trained in an operant ethanol self-administration paradigm received acute naltrexone treatment (0, 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg SC) before a 23-h session either during basal drinking or during the ADE. Results: Chronic naloxone treatment increased ethanol preference during the ADE. Intermittent naltrexone treatment at a dose comparable to the lower dose of chronic treatment moderately attenuated the ADE. Acute naltrexone treatment selectively reduced lever pressing for ethanol both during the ADE and during basal drinking only at the lowest dose, whereas higher doses also suppressed water intake. The ethanol-specific suppressant effect on the ADE was long lasting. Concerning basal drinking, however, naltrexone had a long lasting reductive effect only on lever pressing for water. Conclusions: A low dose of naltrexone and an intermittent treatment regimen seem to be necessary to maintain a specific reduction in ethanol intake in individuals with a high motivation to consume ethanol. These findings are consistent with the notion that, at low doses, opiate antagonists reduce the reward value of reinforcers. Received: 29 September 1998 / Final version: 15 March 1999     

综合疗法对海洛因依赖患者复吸的影响

目的:观察海洛因依赖患者在住院过程中进行综合性治疗(美沙酮递减脱瘾、生物体适应性平衡调整、心理干预、纳曲酮的应用)对出院后复吸的影口向。方法:将海洛因依赖患者90例,按随机化方法分为综合治疗组、美沙酮纳曲酮组及单纯美沙酮治疗组各30例。观察三种治疗方案临床疗效及出院后半年复吸率。结果:综合治疗方案及美沙酮纳曲酮治疗方案在控制脱毒后稽延性戒断症状,缓解焦虑情绪、改善睡眠及降低心理渴求方面均优于单纯美沙酮脱瘾治疗(P<0.01),且出院后半年操守人数亦有显著差异(P<0.01)。综合治疗组半年复吸率降低66.67%。综合治疗方案的临床疗效及防复吸效果又优于美沙酮纳曲酮组(P<0.05)。结论:综合治疗方案临床操作简单易行,临床疗效显著,对海洛因依赖患者脱毒出院后的复吸起到积极预防作用,值得推广。     

电针对吗啡成瘾大鼠戒断-复吸行为影响的初步观察

目的 观察针刺对实验动物戒断及复吸期间操作行为的影响。方法 建立大鼠吗啡自身给药模型，随机分模型对照组、绑缚对照组、针刺治疗组。熄灭期(3d)做相应处理，d4吗啡引燃(2mg／kg体重)，观察动物熄灭踏板数(LPE)、复吸踏板数(LPR)。结果 模型对照组观察到典型熄灭-复吸曲线(ERC)；绑缚对照组该曲线发生变异，主要是缩短了熄灭的过程；针刺治疗组彻底改变了熄灭-复吸曲线的形状，使熄灭反跳现象消失，但复吸值变大。以吗啡平台期平均踏板数(ALPP)为基准值，各组间熄灭平均踏板数(ALPE)和复吸踏板数(LPR)无明显差异。结论 相对于自然戒断，针刺及绑缚在熄灭期间均具有较明显的抑制渴求效果，且针刺比绑缚作用更快．效果更明显；短期(3d)的针刺治疗未达到抗短期复吸(d4)效果。更多结果有待后续观察和进一步验证。     

PVR B 级的裂孔性视网膜脱离术后复发与玻璃体病变关系临床分析

目的回顾分析近10年PVR B级的裂孔性视网膜脱离术后复发与玻璃体病变的关系.方法对429例(435只眼)PVR B级的裂孔性视网膜脱离施行巩膜扣带术治疗,其中41只眼术后复发(9.43%),分析术后复发与玻璃体病变的关系.结果术前玻璃体正常组与浓缩组的复发率(3.19%与12.33%)之间差异有显著性(P＜0.05);正常组与条索牵引组间的复发率(3.19%与14.29%)之间差异有极显著性(P＜0.01);正常组与总体组的复发率(3.19%与9.43%)之间差异有显著性(P＜0.05);术前无玻璃体后脱离组与玻璃体后脱离组间的复发率(5.56%与12.90%)之间差异有显著性(P＜0.05).视网膜脱离术前各种玻璃体的情况在视网膜脱离复发时均有不同程度地加重.结论PVR B级的裂孔性视网膜脱离术前玻璃体病变和玻璃体后脱离对术后复发影响明显.重视玻璃体-视网膜界面动态变化,可进一步提高手术治愈率.     

吸毒患者亲属心理-行为干预方法及效果研究

目的:探索提高吸毒者亲属帮助患者戒毒能力的心理-行为干预方法.方法:对戒毒患者亲属进行与戒毒有关的心理-行为干预,包括:举办讲座、开通热线解答亲属的问题、上门与电话指导等,并通过调查亲属对戒毒成功的态度、帮助戒毒的措施、焦虑状况等对干预效果进行评价.结果:通过干预后,戒毒者亲属帮助其戒毒的措施显著改善(P<0.01),对戒毒患者多采用温和的管理方式(43.33%,P<0.01),亲属焦虑比例下降(P<0.05).结论:对戒毒患者亲属进行心理-行为干预可增强其帮助戒毒的作用.