The Impact of a Healthy Weight Intervention Embedded in a Home-Visiting Program on Children's Weight and Mothers’ Feeding Practices

Objective

To examine whether a healthy weight intervention embedded in the Parents as Teachers (PAT) home visiting program, which was previously found to improve mothers’ body mass index (BMI) and obesity-related behaviors, changed the BMI of preschool children or maternal feeding practices.

Buffering effect of positive parent–child relationships on adolescent risk taking: A longitudinal neuroimaging investigation

Adolescence is marked by a steep increase in risk-taking behavior. The serious consequences of such heightened risk taking raise the importance of identifying protective factors. Despite its dynamic change during adolescence, family relationships remain a key source of influence for teenagers. Using a longitudinal fMRI approach, we scanned 23 adolescents twice across a 1.5-year period to examine how changes in parent–child relationships contribute to changes in adolescent risk taking over time via changes in adolescents’ neural reactivity to rewards. Results indicate that although parent–child relationships are not associated with adolescent risk taking concurrently, increases in positive parent–child relationships contribute to declines in adolescent risk taking. This process is mediated by longitudinal decreases in ventral striatum activation to rewards during risk taking. Findings highlight the neural pathways through which improvements in positive parent–child relationships serve to buffer longitudinal increases in adolescent risk taking.     

人格特质对二胎返岗护士产适应水平的影响

目的 了解二胎返岗护士适应水平现状,并探讨人格特质对其返岗适应水平的影响。方法 2018年1-12月,采用便利抽样法选取山东省3所三级甲等医院360名护士为研究对象,采用一般资料调查表、艾森克人格问卷、护士产后返岗适应问卷对其进行调查。结果 护士产二胎后返岗适应水平均分为(2.16±0.51)分;外向型人格特征与返岗适应水平呈正相关(r=0.540,P<0.001),精神质、神经质人格特征与返岗适应水平均呈负相关(r=-0.410,P<0.001;r=-0.350,P<0.001)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,年龄、返岗时间、工作负荷、返岗培训、内-外倾向、精神质、神经质是护士产二胎后返岗适应的独立影响因素。结论 护士产二胎后返岗适应处于中等偏下水平,人格特质、生育年龄、返岗时间、工作负荷、返岗培训为其影响因素,护理管理者可结合人格特质等特点采取管理策略,提高护士产二胎后返岗适应的水平。     

Utility of QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube Test Compared with Tuberculin Skin Test in Diagnosing Tuberculosis in Indian Children with Malnutrition

This prospective cohort study was conducted to compare the accuracy of QuantiFERON®-TB (QFT) Gold In-Tube test and tuberculin skin test (TST) in diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) in predominantly bacille Calmette–Guerin-vaccinated children with a high incidence of malnutrition. The sensitivity of the QFT versus the TST was 69.6% versus 52.9% for WHO-defined TB, with specificity of 86% versus 78.3%, respectively. The concordance of the TST and QFT was 79% overall (κ = 0.430), 62.5% in those with WHO-defined TB and 85.7% in those without TB. Majority of the QFT+/TST − discordance was seen in children with TB, whereas majority of the TST+/QFT − discordance was seen in those without TB. The TST was more likely to be negative in children with moderate-to-severe malnutrition (P = 0.003) compared to the QFT, which was more likely to be positive in younger children. The significantly better performance of the QFT in malnourished children and those at younger ages supports its use for TB diagnosis in these subpopulations.     

Sudden death in childhood and adolescence

Sudden death in childhood and adolescence is fortunately rare. However, when it occurs, it can have a devastating effect on the family. Therefore, these cases should be thoroughly investigated, including a complete post mortem examination by a specialist in paediatric pathology. The aim is to identify the cause of death, and potentially prevent future deaths. This review will provide an overview of the epidemiology of sudden death in childhood and adolescence and will outline the wide range of causes of death identified. Certain aspects of the paediatric post mortem examination will be discussed, and will finish with a section on deaths in children with chronic medical conditions.