Violence et institution militaire

ObjectivesThis work consists in a study of the links between the concept of violence and military environment where its problematic is particularly acute. Violence is at the heart of the profession of arms, which conveys a transgression, the prohibition of murder, which itself is at the foundation of the organization of our society.MethodsThe soldier occupies a position of exception by this possibility of giving death, which finds its legitimacy in a regulated use of the force, while responding to very precise conditions of use of the weapons. The power granted to the soldier is none the less marked up, presupposing a regulated use of the armed force, which implies its control, but commits jointly the possible overflow of these conditions of employment; sometimes there is an insidious sliding, much more obvious elsewhere, towards a deregulated violence, attesting a loss of control of the force. These specific coordinates of emergence of violence are here detailed, to specify the springs and the repercussions, beyond contextual considerations.ResultsTwo expressions in mirror of violence have been pinpointed in order to be clarified. The one which refers to a controlled and framed violence, then lever and driving force of the war action, and the other consisting of a out of frame violence, in connection with a use against the use of force; we did the hypothesis that this deregulated violence is the expression of a point of impossibility for the subject, a form of impasse both in his own psychic functioning and in his relationship to the group.ConclusionsThe military environment, which is itself violence holder, is structured in such a way that it can frame and control the intrinsic violence to warlike action. But as soon as the violence comes to express itself out of frame, it is outside the precise and regulated context of the use of the armed force, it becomes destructive, hindering the work of symbolization of the psyche, to lead to breaking the links of the subject with himself and with his group.     

Development and factorial validity of a moral disengagement in Sport Short Scale

Background

According to Bandura, individuals are able to violate their personal standards, without self-sanction, by using the psychological operations of moral disengagement. For Bandura et al., moral disengagement is characterized by eight mechanisms belonging to one of the following four groups: (a) reconstructing conduct; (b) reconsideration of negative effects; (c) disqualification of the victim; and (d) obscuring of personal causal agency. Other researchers have measured moral disengagement in various contexts of everyday life using Bandura et al.’s scale and suggested that moral disengagement mechanisms would fall into two or three groups according to context. One context in which moral issues have a major role is sport.

Methods

Three complementary studies were carried out on a total of 1305 young French adult athletes to develop and validate a Short French Questionnaire of Moral Disengagement in Sport (SFQMDS) and to test its invariance according to gender.

Study 1

With reference to the existing literature, an initial French version of the SFQDMS was developed. French university students (n = 220) then voluntarily completed the questionnaire. The validity of this preliminary version and the clarity of the items were examined and ascertained, and factorial analyses identified 10 items that loaded onto two factors (i.e., projecting fault onto others or sharing of responsibility; minimization of transgression and their consequences). Each factor displayed good internal consistency.

Study 2

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted using AMOS 7.0 software. The sample included 1021 French university students (M_age = 21.52; SD = 2.34). The first analysis of the data from 298 French students suggested that four items should be eliminated. The six-item model was then tested with a CFA of the data from 723 other participants (M_age = 21.51; SD = 2.34) and exhibited acceptable fit indices: (χ² [8, 723] = 1.54; p > 0.09; GFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.97; CFI = 0.97; RMSEA = 0.03; RMSEA LO/HI = 0.01/0.05). These results confirmed the bifactorial structure of the instrument, as well as its partial invariance across genders at the most complex level (i.e., strict) of its factorial structure. These statistical analyses demonstrated the excellent internal consistency and very good construct validity of the SFQDMS.

Study 3

The third study examined the temporal stability of the SFQDMS and its theoretical validity with a sample of 221 French students (M_age = 21.00; SD = 2.05). Our results were found to be stable over time. From a theoretical standpoint, the SFQDMS was related to existing instruments that measure individuals’ affective self-regulatory efficacy and prosocial behavior. These results demonstrated the external validity of the instrument.

Conclusion

The overall results presented in these studies confirmed the good psychometric properties of the SFQDMS. This questionnaire consists of two subscales of three items measuring two groups of moral disengagement. The first involves projecting the fault for one's own transgressions onto others or sharing of responsibility (e.g., “It's not my fault if I behave badly [cheating or aggression] because it's my opponent who started it”). The second subscale involves the minimization of transgressions and their consequences (e.g., “It's not serious if I behave badly [cheating or aggression] because I do it to keep the advantage”). This instrument is a reliable tool that could be fruitfully used in future research addressing the moral disengagement of French adolescents or adults in sport. A deeper understanding of the processes involved in moral disengagement would facilitate the development of strategies to prevent or remediate transgressive behavior in the sport domain.     

Sexe des joueurs et blessures en handball : influence de l’arbitrage ?

Introduction

The aim of this study was to examine whether refereeing may be evocated to explain why male handball players get injured more often than female players.

Synthesis of the facts

A total of 90 handball matches, both men's and women's, were observed focusing on transgression play against players in possession of the ball and the resulting refereeing decisions. The aggressive behavior and refereeing differ according to the sex of the players.

Conclusion

Female players are refereed more severely which may help to explain why they are less aggressive and get injured less frequently than their male counterparts.     

L’addiction est un traitement de substitution

Through a reflection on “contrainte par corps” (civil imprisonment, litterally: bodily constraint), and on the “unconscious addictive identifications”, the author questions the manner in which addicted subjects try to build up a “substitution body”. Our intention is to demonstrate how the addictive process aims at the construction of a new body: by making a “foreign body”, incorporating a toxic foreign body is an intent to self-medicate, in order to remove the hold of a primordial other. All these clinical and theoretical elements, developed in this article, raise the question of the status of the “substitutive treatments” that medical doctors prescribe to addicted patients, as the articulation of these with therapies proposed by clinical psychologists.     

Do patients respect the line?: Transgression of boundaries reported by Swiss general practitioners

OBJECTIVE: Transgression of boundaries in the relationship between physician and patient is commonly studied with patient as victim and physician as transgressor. A recent survey in the U.S. reported that almost 90% of physicians face transgression by patients over one year. Incidents happened mainly through verbal abuse, disregarding privacy, and overly affectionate behavior. Since this incidence seems to be alarmingly high, we were interested to analyze how often general practitioners in Switzerland experience transgression by patients. METHODS: 24% of the members of the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine (SGIM) and of the Swiss Society of General Medicine (SGAM) (n=675/2781) responded to an internet-based survey which asked for experiences of transgression by patients and for physicians' responses to transgression in the last 12 months. RESULTS: 81% of responding physicians experienced transgression over the period of one year. Analyzing the frequency of incidents per physician per year, the most common forms of transgression were 'use of physician's first name' (7.7/y), 'asking personal questions' (1.8/y), 'being verbally abusive' (1.5/y), and 'being overly affectionate' (1.4/y). Calculated incidence of transgression was 3 per 1000 patient contacts. 39% of physicians decided to ignore the incident, 37% discussed the event openly. Transgression led to dismissal of patients in 13% of events. CONCLUSION: Transgression even in mild and modest form is a rare phenomenon in Swiss practices. PRACTICE IMPLICATION: The Swiss data do not suggest that there is a specific risk for Swiss practitioners to be exposed to major transgression for which they should specifically be prepared for example in communication skills trainings.     

Psychiatrie et violences intrafamiliales. Quand dire c’est aliéner

ObjectiveThis article examines the effects of the forced marriage injunction on ten girls. Paternal aunts ordered them to stop theirs studies and marry men chosen by their families. This extreme severity provokes hostile conflict, school demotivation, and fear to be subjected to the husband's arbitrariness. The article presents clinical data collecting and analyzing method, effects of this injunction and three profiles of emancipation.MethodThe participants of the study are 16 to 18 year's old immigrant's girls who are recruited through an intercultural association where the author has a research contract on domestic violence. They come from African families where parental and social authority is carried by the father, mother and paternal aunt. Migratory process, as well as plural, complex even divergent cultural legacies exposes them to cumulative traumas. The injunction of forced marriage exasperates their vulnerability, weakens their psychological resources and hinders on their efforts to work through the pathogenic traces of these legacies. The author conducted four research interviews aimed at renewing the state of knowledge about adolescent processes facing the forced marriage injunction. The first two interviews aimed to create a bond of trust with the girls and clarify their problem, the third to assess their degree of vulnerability. The last aimed to study the links of descent, generational transmission and conflicts of loyalty. The analysis evaluates the quality of biopsychosocial maturation.ResultsEffects – The aunt's injunctive speech denies the verifiable and evaluative dimension of language risks. It makes an alienating interpretation of female destiny. The adolescents live it like a cruelty that condemns them to become slaves in the social and conjugal bond. It has visibly alienated psychic conflicts into pathogenic ones, created hatred and mutual rejection. It has also created confusion in the language between aunts and nieces. The aunts are trapped in a compulsion of repetition of an obsolete custom and seem blind to their niece's request for initiation into becoming responsible and autonomous. This request has turned into a nightmare that engulfs them with anguish and fantasies of being banished, killed or sacrificed as a “fresh flesh” to the husband's arbitrary speech and behavior.Three emancipation profilesFor two girls, oscillation between hope and intense depression related to multiple crisis of mental maturation has turned into depression diagnosed by a psychiatrist. But the psychiatric care, followed by psychological and social one allowed them to find a psychic balance and to resume their studies. Three girls made a positive cultural transgression. Breaking taboos and loyalty conflicts, they summoned their parents before a public authority, provoked an intercultural conflict mediated by the law and justice. They understood that the custom transgressed the rules of the palaver, discussion of a family drama or social in a space protecting the protagonists against the arbitrary of the language and the behaviors. Their transgression is thus a counter-transgression that demands to play reasonably with words, scenes and conduct to create the meaning of living together. Five girls, who conceived their problem as generational, asked for community mediation. They realized that their aunts and grandmothers cannot help them emancipate themselves because they all are caught in a compulsion to repeat an androcentric social model and its discourse that only value them as producers of boys, future soldiers, fathers or lineage continuators. This model has become unsuitable. Girls solicit grandfathers and religious leaders who are aware of this obsolescence and who are empowered by their authority and place to bring about cultural change in the community.ConclusionLanguage, the fundamental tool for the psychic maturation of individuals and societies, can create a pathogenic emancipation conflict between adults and adolescents and lead to devastating arbitrariness. In this context, some adolescents go through a positive cultural transgression to access the maturation of their psychic processes.     

Évaluation des comportements agressifs routiers : adaptation et validation en version française de l’Aggressive Driving Behavior Scale (ADBS)

ObjectivesFor over twenty years, a particular interest has been shown to drivers’ behaviors. Research in this domain has studied different behaviors that might influence dangerous driving and motor vehicle accidents. In particular, aggressive driving has been frequently studied. For instance, nowadays road users perceive aggressive driving as one of the most significant problems encountered on the road. Moreover, aggressive driving is a major cause of traffic accidents and injuries. Houston et al. (2003) have developed the Aggressive Driving Behavior Scale (ADBS) for assessing aggressive driving. This 11-item self-reported questionnaire, allowing to measure aggressive driving behaviors as Speeding and Conflict Behavior. To our knowledge, there is no French self-report instrument to assess this phenomenon. Many studies have investigated the relationship between aggressive driving and specific variables as psychological processes (cognitive and emotional) or personal determinants (personality, driving behavior). Driving anger and driving transgression have been reported to be significantly and positively correlated with aggressive driving. The aim of this study was (a) to validate the French version of the ADBS and (b) to investigate the relationship between Aggressive Driving, Driving Anger and Driving Transgression.MethodsA sample of 431 drivers, ages ranging from 18 to 81 years (M = 34.53; SD = 12.25), completed the ADBS, the Driving Anger Scale (DAS) and the Driving Behavior Scale Transgression (DBQT).ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test the proposed 2-factor structure of the ADBS. As the first model did not fit the original one, others model were tested. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that a three-factor solution, excluding the item 7, best described the item structure: (1) Aggressive Driving, (2) Transgression/Aggressive Driving involving others and (3) Individual Transgressive Driving. On the other hand, ADBS correlated positively with all the dimensions of the DBQT and the DAS except for the factor “Illegal Driving” with which ADBS correlated negatively. The internal consistency of the ADBS was acceptable (α = 0.77).ConclusionsThe initial model developed by Houston, Harris and Norman did not fit the data from the French population. French version of Aggressive Driving Behavior Scale can be an interesting assessment of aggressive driving by making a distinction between aggressive behaviors, transgressive behaviors perceived as aggressive behavior by other road users and individual transgressive behaviors. Our findings highlight that aggressive driving are associated with driving anger. This could suggest that it can be useful to include in driver rehabilitation programs for example strategies to manage anger. These programs, based on cognitive behavioral interventions, would focus on social problem-solving that helps people become aware of the long-term negative consequences of their anger and identifies new response.     

« Un Enfant en conflit avec la loi au Togo aux frontières du sacré et du sacrificiel ». Cas de Paulin : un enfant aux multiples statuts ou aux problématiques psychopathologiques multiples ?

The phenomenon of Children in Conflict with the Law in Togo commonly echoes transgression. However, this label, which can be qualified as a socio-legal label, questions and conceals the status shouldered by those children and adolescents. This article is an excerpt from a qualitative, doctoral research project whose data is drawn from life story collections (Bertaux, 1993 ; 2006), analyzed using the method of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, 1993) and Complementarism (Devereux, 1972). The objective of Paulin's case study is to explore its subjective experience by highlighting a child's status. A thematic content analysis of Paulin's study reveals a set of pre-existing and co-existing statuses to that of Children in Conflict with the Law, conducive to a process of repetition. Paulin's status of a sacred child, and therefore worthy of absolute protection, was marred by a combination of factors. The manifestations of its suffering have been perceived but biased by transgenerational factors making attempts to take care of them futile, even though they are multidisciplinary. Thus, the changes in family structures and social relations in Togo imply a readjustment of joint care and child protection interventions. A complementary approach would seem to be a line for reflection..     

Dopage, limites et transgression. Rapports à l’individuel, à l’institutionnel et au juridique

The evolution of contemporary practices allowed us to consider doping as a new object of social discourse, placing this transgressive practice within the borders of medical, sociological and juridical prospects. The development of a legislation framing sporting practices leads to the installation of new institutions like to the emergence of concepts, such as “medical monitoring of sportspeople”, contributing to the introduction of new social control devices.     

Explaining transgression in respiratory rate observation methods in the emergency department: A classic grounded theory analysis

BackgroundAbnormal respiratory rates are one of the first indicators of clinical deterioration in emergency department(ED) patients. Despite the importance of respiratory rate observations, this vital sign is often inaccurately recorded on ED observation charts, compromising patient safety. Concurrently, there is a paucity of research reporting why this phenomenon occurs.ObjectiveTo develop a substantive theory explaining ED registered nurses' reasoning when they miss or misreport respiratory rate observations.DesignThis research project employed a classic grounded theory analysis of qualitative data. Participants: Seventy-nine registered nurses currently working in EDs within Australia. Data collected included detailed responses from individual interviews and open-ended responses from an online questionnaire.MethodsClassic grounded theory (CGT) research methods were utilised, therefore coding was central to the abstraction of data and its reintegration as theory. Constant comparison synonymous with CGT methods were employed to code data. This approach facilitated the identification of the main concern of the participants and aided in the generation of theory explaining how the participants processed this issue.ResultsThe main concern identified is that ED registered nurses do not believe that collecting an accurate respiratory rate for ALL patients at EVERY round of observations is a requirement, and yet organizational requirements often dictate that a value for the respiratory rate be included each time vital signs are collected. The theory ‘Rationalising Transgression’, explains how participants continually resolve this problem. The study found that despite feeling professionally conflicted, nurses often erroneously record respiratory rate observations, and then rationalise this behaviour by employing strategies that adjust the significance of the organisational requirement. These strategies include; Compensating, when nurses believe they are compensating for errant behaviour by enhancing the patient’s outcome; Minimalizing, when nurses believe that the patient’s outcome would be no different if they recorded an accurate respiratory rate or not and; Trivialising, a strategy that sanctions negligent behaviour and occurs when nurses ‘cut corners’ to get the job done. Nurses’ use these strategies to titrate the level ofemotional discomfort associated with erroneous behaviour, thereby rationalising transgressionConclusionThis research reveals that despite continuing education regarding gold standard guidelines for respiratory rate collection, suboptimal practice continues. Ideally, to combat this transgression, a culture shift must occur regarding nurses' understanding of acceptable practice methods. Nurses must receive education in a way that permeates their understanding of the relationship between the regular collection of accurate respiratory rate observations and optimal patient outcomes.