Feeding effects on growth during infancy

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of formula, other milks, other liquids, cereals, and other solid foods on growth during infancy. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cohort study nested within a large (n=17,046), cluster-randomized trial. We compared growth [weight-for-age, length-for-age, and weight-for-length z scores (WAZ, LAZ, WLZ) and head circumference (HC)] during the intervals 1 to 3, 3 to 6, 6 to 9, and 9 to 12 months, using hierarchical multivariate regression to control for size at the beginning of each interval, maternal education, geographic region, and urban versus rural location. RESULTS: Mixed BF and formula/other milk were associated with significantly higher (versus breast milk only) LAZ at 1 to 3 months (+0.038 and +0.047, respectively). In the 3- to 6-month interval, mixed BF and formula/other milk led to significantly higher WAZ (+0.125 and +0.139) and LAZ (+0.081 and +0.075), whereas cereal intake was associated with large and highly significant reductions in both measures (-0.293 and -0.240) and in HC (-0.291 cm). Mixed BF and formula/other milk continued to have positive albeit smaller associations with WAZ and LAZ in the 6- to 9-month and 9- to 12-month intervals. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the growth-accelerating effects of formula and other milks (versus breast milk) on weight and length gain throughout infancy, with a dose-response gradient and largest associations observed at 3 to 6 months.     

基于有序PROBIT模型的患者生活满意度的实证研究

目的 :研究上海市门诊患者生活满意度的影响因素,为提高患者生活满意度提供操作参考。方法 :运用文献研究确定影响患者生活满意度的相关因素,通过问卷调查收集实证数据,运用有序PROBIT模型对影响因素进行分析。结果 :医疗服务满意度、患者医疗质量感知以及患者信任是患者生活满意度的影响因素,其影响效果具有显著性。结论 :改进我国医疗卫生服务质量,增强患者医疗服务满意度和信任度能够提高患者生活满意度,而提高患者生活满意度对改善医患关系、促进我国医疗卫生事业的发展具有十分重要的意义。