Frustration Intolerance Beliefs: Their Relationship with Depression, Anxiety, and Anger, in a Clinical Population

Beliefs regarding the toleration of frustration and discomfort are often described as underlying psychological disturbance, and represent a fundamental concept in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Nevertheless, there has been little systematic analysis of the content of these beliefs, which are often treated as a unidimensional construct. This paper investigates the relationship between a multidimensional Frustration Discomfort Scale (FDS) and measures of depressed mood, anxiety, and anger, in a clinical population. Results indicated that FDS sub-scales were differentially related to specific emotions, independent of self-esteem and negative affect. The entitlement sub-scale was uniquely associated with anger, discomfort intolerance with depressed mood, and emotional intolerance with anxiety. These results supported the validity of the FDS, the importance of distinguishing between frustration intolerance dimensions, and of separating these beliefs from those related to self-worth.Copies of the Frustration Discomfort Scale are available from the author on request     

妊娠期糖耐量受损与妊娠结局的关系

①目的　探讨妊娠期糖耐量受损 (GIGT)对妊娠结局的影响。②方法　以妊娠期GIGT孕妇 1 31例(GIGT组 ) ,妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM)孕妇 1 6 6例 (GDM组 ) ,糖耐量正常孕妇 1 6 0例 (正常对照组 )为研究对象 ,对孕妇及其围生儿结局进行对比研究。③结果　GIGT组及GDM组妊娠高血压综合征、巨大儿、羊水过多、胎膜早破、剖宫产及新生儿疾病发生情况均高于对照组 (χ2 =4 .0 2～ 81 .31 ,P <0 .0 5、0 .0 1 )。④结论　GIGT对妊娠可造成不同程度的危害 ,GIGT是影响孕妇及围生儿结局的重要因素。对妊娠期GIGT均应进行监测和处理     

Alcohol consumption and impaired glycoregulation results in a population of 6665 salaried employees

Alcohol consumption and glycosuria were found to be associated (p < 0.001) in a population of 6571 salaried employees who underwent a systematic examination. The prevalence of glycosuria was found to range from 1.3% among 2609 non-drinkers to 5% among 816 heavy drinkers (six glasses or more of alcoholic beverage daily). This association was still significant after adjustement for age, sex and body mass index. Similarly, a positive association was observed between fasting glycemia and alcoholic intake in a subgroup of 998 subjects when such a result was available (p < 0.05).     

Atypical Allergic Colitis in Preterm Infants

ABSTRACT. Two atypical cases of colitis due to cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) are reported, affecting preterm infants. One developed a toxic dilatation of the colon and responded well to a casein hydrolysate based feed. The second presented insidiously and failed to tolerate a casein hydrolysate, but responded well to a chicken-based modular feed.     

Prediction of lactose malabsorption in referral patients

Two hundred forty-two patients referred for various gastrointestinal complaints were evaluated for clinical parameters that would predict findings of lactose malabsorption. Breath hydrogen and blood glucose lactose tests were performed after ingestion of 50 g lactose. Presenting complaints, duration of symptoms, and patient demographics such as age, sex, and ethnic heritage were not different between lactose malabsorbers and absorbers as defined by the breath hydrogen lactose test. Foodrelated symptoms in general and after specific foods such as milk, ice cream, cheese, and yogurt were also similar between groups. Prior to testing, 30% of malabsorbers (N=161) and 36% of absorbers (N=81) reported lactoserelated symptoms (P=NS). The blood glucose response to lactose was abnormal in 60% of malabsorbers and 15% of absorbers. This study confirmed our impression that it is difficult to predict lactose absorption status by clinical parameters. The majority of our lactose malabsorber patients were unaware of lactose-associated symptoms. Furthermore, symptom assessment, demographics, food history, and blood glucose testing did not predict abnormal hydrogen responses to lactose.The opinions and assertations expressed herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as reflecting opinions of the United States Air Force or the Department of Defense.This work has been presented in part at the Annual Scientific Session of the American Gastroenterological Association, San Francisco, California, May 19, 1986, and published as an abstract (Gastroenterology 90:1562, 1986).     

Clinical studies of asthma phenotypes focusing on the role of leukotrienes

Introduction: Inflammation in the airways in connection to asthma is complex and the mechanisms underlying the associated clinical symptoms involve the interaction of many different kinds of cells and mediators, giving rise to different phenotypes. Objective: The objective of the present thesis was to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms that result in two of these phenotypes, i.e. aspirin‐intolerant asthma (AIA) and allergic asthma. The main focus was on leukotrienes. Materials and Methods: (i) Thirty‐three subjects with diagnosed AIA were challenged with celecoxib, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2. (ii) With the ultimate objective of finding a marker that could be used to identify patients with leukotriene‐associated asthma, the capacity to produce leukotrienes and the responsiveness to inhaled leukotrienes were determined in 20 subjects with mild asthma and in 10 healthy control individuals. (iii) Eight individuals with mild allergic asthma were challenged repeatedly with low doses of allergen in an experimental model aimed at mimicking the natural exposure to allergen. Exhaled nitric oxide was measured throughout the study. (iv) Thirteen patients with allergic asthma were subjected to bronchial challenges with methacholine and leukotriene D₄ (LTD₄) prior to and after administration of 500‐µg fluticasone twice daily for 2 weeks, and their levels of exhaled nitric oxide and urinary leukotriene E₄ (LTE₄) were determined. Results: (i) Both escalating doses from 5–100 mg (administered in a blinded, placebo‐controlled study) and an open‐label challenge with 200 + 200 mg celecoxib were tolerated well by AIA individuals. (ii) Neither group exhibited a correlation between the formation of leukotriene B₄ by their whole blood in response to ex vivo stimulation or urinary levels of LTE₄ and airway responsiveness to LTD₄. (iii) The level of nitric oxide in the air that they exhaled rose significantly. At the same time, these subjects did not report any symptoms of asthma, did not require rescue by bronchodilator medication, and did not display any change in the calibre of their airways. (iv) Inhalation of glucocorticoid attenuated the responsiveness to methacholine and reduced the level of exhaled nitric oxide, but neither the responsiveness to LTD₄ nor urinary excretion of LTE₄ was affected. Conclusions: (i) This finding indicates that the intolerance reaction leading to broncho‐constriction in patients with AIA is caused by inhibition of COX‐1 and, furthermore, provides a scientific basis for administration of selective inhibitors of COX‐2 to alleviate prostaglandin‐mediated pain and inflammation in these patients. (ii) In further attempts to predict which asthmatic patients will respond well to anti‐leukotriene treatment, investigations on the capacity for leukotriene synthesis, responsiveness to these agents and expression of their specific receptors in the lungs are being performed. (iii) Monitoring of exhaled nitric oxide on a daily basis may allow for early detection of exacerbation in subjects with allergic asthma. (iv) Neither the release nor the actions of leukotrienes appear to be sensitive to inhaled glucocorticoids, strengthening the rationale for using a combination of glucocorticosteroids and anti‐leukotrienes to treat allergic asthma.     

Copy number variation burden does not predict severity of neurodevelopmental phenotype in children with a sex chromosome trisomy

Sex chromosome trisomies (SCTs) (XXX, XXY, and XYY karyotypes) are associated with an elevated risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. The range of severity of the phenotype is substantial. We considered whether this variable outcome was related to the presence of copy number variants (CNVs)—stretches of duplicated or deleted DNA. A sample of 125 children with an SCT were compared with 181 children of normal karyotype who had been given the same assessments. First, we compared the groups on measures of overall CNV burden: number of CNVs, total span of CNVs, and likely functional impact (probability of loss‐of‐function intolerance, pLI, summed over CNVs). Differences between groups were small relative to within‐group variance and not statistically significant on overall test. Next, we considered whether a measure of general neurodevelopmental impairment was predicted by pLI summed score, SCT versus comparison group, or the interaction between them. There was a substantial effect of SCT/comparison status but the pLI score was not predictive of outcomes in either group. We conclude that variable presence of CNVs is not a likely explanation for the wide phenotypic variation in children with SCTs. We discuss methodological challenges of testing whether CNVs are implicated in causing neurodevelopmental problems.     

遗传性果糖不耐受症

遗传性果糖不耐受症（HFI）是一种罕见的、由于先天性醛缩酶B缺陷导致的果糖代谢病。为常染色体隐性遗传性疾病。特征是摄取果糖、蔗糖或山梨醇后发生严重的低血糖。若不及时终止此类食物，会导致肝肾功能损伤及生长发育障碍。本病诊断比较困难，治疗主要以对症治疗和饮食控制为主。本文就遗传性果糖不耐受症的临床生化特征、诊治方法及醛缩酶B损伤的分子学基础进行综述，为临床早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗遗传性果糖不耐受症提供参考。     

CATs and HATs: the SLC7 family of amino acid transporters

The SLC7 family is divided into two subgroups, the cationic amino acid transporters (the CAT family, SLC7A1–4) and the glycoprotein-associated amino acid transporters (the gpaAT family, SLC7A5–11), also called light chains or catalytic chains of the hetero(di)meric amino acid transporters (HAT). The associated glycoproteins (heavy chains) 4F2hc (CD98) or rBAT (D2, NBAT) form the SLC3 family. Members of the CAT family transport essentially cationic amino acids by facilitated diffusion with differential trans-stimulation by intracellular substrates. In some cells, they may regulate the rate of NO synthesis by controlling the uptake of l-arginine as the substrate for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The heterodimeric amino acid transporters are, in contrast, quite diverse in terms of substrate selectivity and function (mostly) as obligatory exchangers. Their selectivity ranges from large neutral amino acids (system L) to small neutral amino acids (ala, ser, cys-preferring, system asc), negatively charged amino acid (system x_c^–) and cationic amino acids plus neutral amino acids (system y⁺L and b^0,+-like). Cotransport of Na⁺ is observed only for the y⁺L transporters when they carry neutral amino acids. Mutations in b^0,+-like and y⁺L transporters lead to the hereditary diseases cystinuria and lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI), respectively.     

Potentiation by Acetylsalicylic Acid of Skin Weal Response to Compound 48/80 in ASA-Sensitive Asthmatics

The influence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on skin response to intradermal injection of compound 48/80 and histamine was studied in order to determine whether ASA elicits any abnormalities also in the skin of asthmatics reacting with bronchoconstriction to ingestion of this drug.
The applied ASA dose (mean dose 150 mg) elicited bronchoconstriction in all 16 patients with asthma and ASA sensitivity (mean fall of FEV₁ 34%) and increased the weal response to compound 48/80 to about 51% (P>0.05) as compared with the response before the ASA-challenge, In asthmatic persons without ASA sensitivity a 150 mg ASA dose did not influence the skin response to any of the reagents. On the other hand, a 600 mg dose decreased skin response to histamine and compound 48/80 in persons without ASA intolerance, although the decrease was statistically significant only in the flare after compound 48/80 (P>0.05).
The authors believe that additional local defect is needed to reveal sensitivity to ASA in the skill of ASA-sensitive asthmatics, just as bronchial hyperreactivity is indispensible for revealing the action of ASA in the bronchi.