Simple versus complex carbohydrates and health: A frequently neglected problem

AimsFor several decades, there has been a notion that dietary fat is made of different components (at least SAFA, MUFA, and PUFA) that exhibit different and sometimes contrasting effects when associated with health and diseases: coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in general. A similar fact is not noticed in carbohydrates and their components considering that even some major recent studies on the issue did not segregate simple carbohydrates from complex carbohydrates. In this study, we aimed to stress this need.Data synthesisA small number of selected studies are presented and commented where segregation of simple from complex carbohydrates was either performed or disregarded to address the inconsistency of not disentangling them.ConclusionsIf only total fats were considered in investigations where fat was studied, the present notion and attitude toward different roles of the various classes of fats, at least SAFA versus unsaturated (MUFA and PUFA) would be missing. Therefore, there is a need to disentangle simple from complex carbohydrates, and this should be systematically applied when addressing CHD or CVD mortality risks and their preventive measures.     

饮食对糖尿病病情控制状况的影响

目的探讨饮食对糖尿病病情控制状况的影响，为预防和治疗糖尿病提供科学依据。方法对郑州市204例糖尿病病人进行膳食调查，测定空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖值，根据空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖值分成控制良好组和控制较差组。结果血糖控制良好组与较差组构成比分别为35．3％和64．7％，两组中摄入过多碳水化合物或脂肪以及过多能量所占的构成比均有显著性差别（P〈0．05）。结论饮食治疗不严格控制，能量摄入过多，是糖尿病患者病情控制较差的一个重要因素。     

早期空肠内营养在重症急性胰腺炎综合治疗中的疗效观察

背景：营养支持治疗是重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）综合治疗的重要组成部分，其方式和方法的选择对改善SAP患者全身状况、防治肠道功能衰竭、减轻全身性炎症反应、减少感染机会以及改善预后尤为重要。目的：探讨早期空肠内营养支持疗法对SAP患者病程、一般情况和预后的影响。方法：38例SAP患者随机分为肠内营养（EN）组和全胃肠外营养（TPN）组；EN组（18例）于发病早期（3～5d）胃镜下放置空肠营养管，并给予空肠内要素饮食；TPN组（20例）常规给予静脉营养支持治疗。所有患者冶疔前后定期检测血常规、血糖、肝功能、肾功能、血清白蛋向和前白蛋白水平等，并予腹部超声、CT或磁共振成像（MRI）检查以评估胰腺和腹腔病变情况等变化。结果：两组治疗前肝功能、肾功能、外周血向细胞汁数等均无显著差别。治疗2，3周后EN组白细胞恢复正常时间显著短于TPN组（P〈0.01）。EN组治疗后血清白蛋门水平和前白蛋白水平均显著高于其治疗前水平（P〈0.01和P〈0．001）和TPN组治疗后水平（P〈0．01和P〈0．001）：EN组的并发症发生率、感染率和死亡率均低于TPN组。但无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：早期空肠内营养支持疗法可促进SAP患者肝脏蛋白合成，提高血清白蛋白和前白蛋白水平，并有可能降低感染率和并发症的发生率，改善SAP患者的预后。     

Diets,functional foods,and nutraceuticals as alternative therapies for inflammatory bowel disease: Present status and future trends

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a serious health concern among western societies. The disease is also on the rise in some East Asian countries and in Australia. Health professionals and dietitians around the world are facing an unprecedented challenge to prevent and control the increasing prevalence of IBD. The current therapeutic strategy that includes drugs and biological treatments is inefficient and are associated with adverse health consequences. In this context, the use of natural products is gaining worldwide attention. In vivo studies and clinical evidence suggest that wellplanned dietary regimens with specific nutrients can alleviate gastrointestinal inflammation by modulating inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α), interleukin 1(IL-1), IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10. Alternatively, the avoidance of high-fat and highcarbohydrate diets is regarded as an effective tool to eliminate the causes of IBD. Many functional foods and bioactive components have received attention for showing strong therapeutic effects against IBD. Both animal and human studies suggest that bioactive functional foods can ameliorate IBD by downregulating the pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor κB, STAT1, STAT6, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, COX-2, TNF-α, and interferon γ. Therefore, functional foods and diets have the potential to alleviate IBD by modulating the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Future comprehensive studies are needed to corroborate the potential roles of functional foods and diets in the prevention and control of IBD.     

A low-energy-dense diet adding fruit reduces weight and energy intake in women

This study evaluated the effect of adding fruit or oats to the diet of free-living women on energy consumption and body weight. Fruit and oat cookies had the same amount of fiber and total calories (200 kcal), but differed in energy density.We analyzed data from a clinical trial conducted in a primary care unit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Forty-nine women, ages ranging from 30 to 50 years, with body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m², were randomly chosen to add three apples (0.63 kcal/g energy density) or three pears (0.64 kcal/g energy density) or three oat cookies (3.7 kcal/g energy density) to their usual diet for 10 weeks. Fiber composition was similar (6 g). Statistical analysis of the repeated measures of dietary composition and body weight were analyzed using mixed model procedures. Results showed a significant decrease in the energy density during the follow-up (−1.23 kcal/g, p < 0.04, and −1.29 kcal/g, p < 0.05) for apples and pears, respectively, compared to the oat group.The energy intake also decreased significantly (−25.05 and −19.66 kcal/day) for the apple and pear group, respectively, but showed a small increase (+0.93) for the oat group. Apples and pears were also associated (p < 0.001) with weight reduction (−0.93 kg for the apple and −0.84 for the pear group), whereas weight was unchanged (+0.21; p = 0.35) in the oat group. Results suggest that energy densities of fruits, independent of their fiber amount can reduce energy consumption and body weight over time.     

A Bibliometric Analysis of Diets and Breast Cancer Research

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. The primary aim of this work was toprovide an in-depth evaluation of research publications in the field of diets and breast cancer. The impact ofeconomic outcome on national academic productivity was also investigated. Data were retrieved using Pubmedfor English-language publications. The search included all research for which articles included words relatingto “diets and breast cancer”. Population and national income data were obtained from publicly availabledatabases. Impact factors for journals were obtained from Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Scientific).There were 2,396 publications from 60 countries in 384 journals with an impact factor. Among them, 1,652(68.94%) publications were Original articles. The United States had the highest quantity (51% of total) andhighest of mean impact factor (8.852) for publication. Sweden had the highest productivity of publication whenadjusted for number of population (6 publications per million population). Publications from the Asian nationincreased from 5.3% in 2006 to 14.6% in 2012. The Original article type was also associated with geography(p<0.001; OR=2.183; 95%CI=1.526-3.123), Asian countries produced more proportion of Original articles (82%)than those of rest of the world (67.6%). Diets and breast cancer-associated research output continues to increaseannually worldwide including publications from Asian countries. Although the United States produced the mostpublications, European nations per capita were higher in publication output.     

饮食和运动干预对老年高脂血症患者健康的影响

目的 探讨饮食和运动干预对老年高血脂患者健康状况的影响.方法 对2007年10～12月我院健康体检科体检人群中高甘油三脂血症(TG≥1.7 mmol/L)和(或)HDL-胆固醇降低(男0.9 mmol/L,女＜1.0 mmol/L)患者130例,随机分为干预组(66例)和对照组(64例),在相同药物治疗的情况下对干预组实行针对性的饮食和运动干预.评价两组干预前后医学指标:(血甘油三脂、总胆固醇、身高、体重、血压)和饮食运动情况.结果 干预前两组差别无显著性(P＞0.05),但干预组在接受饮食和运动干预后,每日摄入热量及达标指数明显少于干预前和对照组(P＜0.05);每周运动量显著增加(P＜0.05);医学指标显著低于干预前和对照组;自测健康问卷得分显著高于干预前和对照组.结论 对高脂血症患者进行饮食和运动干预,改善了患者的健康状态,促使患者采取有益于健康的饮食和运动生活方式.